2014 where electricity generation from fossil fuels was the largest source of GHG emissions at 59 %. The transport sector was the second-largest source at 28 % whilst combined emissions from manufacturing industries and construction were around 10 %. GHG emissions will continue to rise in tandem with the growing consumption of fossil fuels to generate electricity unless there are concerted efforts to utilise cleaner fuels and a shift towards energy efficiency across all sectors .
Source : Hanna et . al . 2017 and Third National Communication , 2018 Figure 1 : Malaysia ’ s CO2 Emissions by Sector from 1973 - 2014 Source : Figure Hanna 1 : et Malaysia . . 2017 ’ s CO and 2 Emissions Third National by Sector Communication from 1973 - 2014 , 2018
EMISSION FACTOR FOR ELECTRICITY SECTOR
Malaysia is still dependent on finite sources of energy such as fossil fuels for its power generation sources . Currently , coal , natural gas and large hydro have been the main sources . The remaining energy is derived from a relatively smaller number of renewable energy ( RE ) sources . Energy from RE sources needs to be significantly increased in the coming years .
The sectoral GHG emissions in Malaysia shows that electricity and heat production were the largest emitters since 1973 , followed by the transport sector as shown in Figure 1 . The same trend was observed in 2014 where electricity generation from fossil fuels was the largest source of GHG emissions at 59 %. The transport sector was the second-largest source at 28 % whilst combined emissions from manufacturing industries and construction were around 10 %. GHG emissions will continue to rise in tandem with the growing consumption of fossil fuels to generate electricity unless there are concerted efforts to utilise cleaner fuels and a shift towards energy efficiency across all sectors .
The combustion processes for electricity generation are optimised to derive the maximum amount of energy per unit of fuel consumed , producing CO 2 in the process . Some carbon monoxide ( CO ), methane ( CH 4
) and other gasses also known as non-methane volatile organic compounds ( NMVOC ) are also produced . Efficient fuel combustion ensures the maximum oxidation of carbon available in the fuel , hence producing less CO ,
CH 4 and NMVOC . Assuming efficient fuel combustion takes place , the CO 2 emission factor is considered insensitive to the combustion process itself and is primarily dependent only on the carbon content of the fuel . The carbon content may vary considerably both among and within primary fuel types on a per-mass or per-volume basis . For natural gas , the carbon content depends on the composition , which in its delivered state is primarily methane but can include small quantities of ethane , propane , butane and heavier hydrocarbons . For coal , carbon emissions per ton vary considerably , depending on the composition of carbon , hydrogen , sulphur , ash , oxygen and nitrogen .
IPCC presented three tiers in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for estimating emissions from fossil fuel combustion as shown in Figure 2 . The 2006 IPCC
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