Ingenieur Vol.79 July-Sept 2019 ingenieur 2019 july-sept | Page 14

INGENIEUR Figure 13: Example of a Linear Production Line (Source: Forta Pro) discrete number of individual stages, similar to an automotive production line. The PVM may be manufactured on fixed rails or trolleys and moved between stations. Each station has a number of production teams or trades associated with it and a prescribed zone on the factory floor (Figure 13). The key difference between this form of production and static production is that the PVM units are moved between dedicated stations, rather than the production teams having to move from one PVM to another PVM. Besides that, there are also modern semi- automated factories for modular production that work based on the same principles of conventional linear production, similar to non-automated lines, but with more dedicated stages (Figure 14). Typically, automated facilities have separate lines for the manufacture of walls, ceilings, and floor panels, as light steel-based facilities are often incorporated on line roll-forming machines for each type of panel. Automated lines commonly include facilities for creating window and door openings (often by the incorporation of sub-assemblies), and installing insulation and in-built services, such as cabling and telecoms. However, they do not usually include automated systems for bathroom fit-out and installation of fitted furnishings, as bathroom pods are often prefabricated off-line or brought in. Furnishings are generally more difficult to automate and become follow-on operations. Therefore, semi-automated production lines tend to comprise a highly automated series of operations requiring specialised equipment, followed by a series of relatively conventional manual operations. Figure 14: Example of a Semi-automated Production Line Source: Alter (2016) 6 12 VOL VOL 79 55 JULY-SEPTEMBER JUNE 2013 2019