Ingenieur Vol.79 July-Sept 2019 ingenieur 2019 july-sept | Page 33

Figure 1.2: Propagation of uncertainties from input data to the results of landslide vulnerability modelling. public and private organisations. The inventory was used to develop vulnerability curves, in which the vulnerability was defined as the ratio between loss of an element due to a landslide of a given type and magnitude and the value of the element. Careful data collection of present and future landslide damages is required to update vulnerability models developed from previous data (Papathoma- Köhle et al. 2017; Papathoma- Köhle et al. 2015). Advances in remote sensing technologies allow remotely sensed data to be obtained at a fine resolution. This has permitted the elaboration of more precise hazard models with up-to-date information on infrastructure and socio-economic activity (Bendimerad 2001; Remondo et al. 2008). the uncertainties associated with the estimations are large. The risk assessment consists of three fundamental aspects i.e. hazard, elements at risk and their vulnerability. In order to perform a probabilistic risk assessment, the uncertainty in all these three components needs to be assessed (Eidsvig et al. 2014). Uncertainty in vulnerability can stem from input data, models or procedures, and outputs, depending on the stage of vulnerability assessment. Input to a vulnerability model can be qualitative (described with words), semi-quantitative (ranked on a relative scale and also denoted categorically) or quantitative (described as a dimensionless number between 0 and 1). Determination of Critical Infrastructure Issues on Input Data for Vulnerability and Risk Assessments There are also issues on landslide vulnerability and risk assessment uncer tainties. The quantification of such uncertainties provides important information to stakeholders to support cost-benefit analyses of mitigation measures (Eidsvig et al. 2014). For example, a scenario with low potential losses should not be overlooked if Determination of the critical infrastructure or elements-at-risk requires field investigation and definition of their important characteristics. The critical infrastructures can be grouped into: 1. Residential Areas; 2. Buildings; 3. Roads; 4. Power lines; 5. Dams; 31