INGENIEUR
The data collection in the study used multiple
sources of data to support different stages of the
project’s implementation. The data was divided
into five main groups namely: geospatial data;
expert knowledge on landslide vulnerability and
risk estimations; past records of landslides and
damage in Malaysia; output from landslide hazard
and risk projects in the study area; publications
on landslide vulnerability, hazard and risk
assessments. The geospatial data was mainly
used to evaluate the proposed vulnerability and
risk assessment method. The data was used to
extract and characterise the critical infrastructures
in the study area using various image processing
and spatial analysis methods. The output from
the landslide hazard and risk project in the study
area was used to generate landslide hazard maps.
However, the applicability of the landslide hazard
information heavily relies on the quality of the
hazard map and the requirement of the proposed
vulnerability methodology. Expert knowledge was
used to support the development of parameters
and indicators of landslide vulnerability and
risk assessment. Apart from literature reviews,
suitable methods, parameters and indicators for
landslide vulnerability assessments were obtained
from local experts and previous landslide risk
assessment projects in Malaysia. well as the amount of data required. For example,
the most detailed vulnerability assessment at a
local level i.e. of individuals or households usually
requires a huge amount of not readily available
data. Normally for decision making purposes,
vulnerability and risk assessments at regional
or national level are adequate. Another related
issue is on the down-scaling and up-scaling of
assessment results onto different scales that
might involve different levels of generalisation and
assumptions that significantly affect the results.
The quality and quantity of data significantly
affects the outcome of the vulnerability and
risk assessments. Furthermore, vulnerability
and risk assessments are site-specific and take
into account the characteristics of the hazard
and element-at-risk (Fuchs et al. 2012; Lo et al.
2012). Different areas might require different
parameters and approaches for susceptibility and
hazard mapping, depending on the natural and
anthropogenic causal factors of a specific hazard.
Furthermore, it is acknowledged that various types
of the same process (e.g. debris flow vs. rock falls
for landslide processes, fluvial floods vs. pluvial
floods for flood processes) can result in different
damage patterns.
REVIEW OF LANDSLIDE VULNERABILITY
ASSESSMENTS AND MODELS Mazzorana and Fuchs (2010) highlighted issues
on the challenges involved in assessing the
intensity of the landslide process on individual
buildings. There are also gaps in understanding
the interaction between the landslide process
and the affected element-at-risk which complicate
the selection of a suitable intensity parameter in
the vulnerability model (Papathoma-Köhle et al.
2015).
A thorough review was made of the issues
regarding landslide vulnerability assessments
and models used to define the risk index of critical
infrastructures in urban, urban highland, suburban
and rural areas including active tectonic zones in
Malaysia.
Issues on Scale and Transferability of a
Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Approach and
Results
One of the important issues in vulnerability and
risk assessment is the scales of such analyses
(Uzielli et al. 2008). The scales account for time or
temporal and space scales of the assessments.
The scale of the analysis determines the type of
approach for vulnerability and risk assessment as
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JUNE 2013 2019
Issues on Landslide Intensity Determination for
Vulnerability Model
Issues on Input Data for Vulnerability and Risk
Assessments
Detailed vulnerability assessments inevitably
require huge amounts of data compiled during
previous occurrences of landslides. Remondo et
al. (2008) set up an inventory of direct losses due
to landslide disasters over a period of nearly 50
years. The inventory was based on field surveys
and consultations with both local inhabitants and