INGENIEUR
INGENIEUR
3D Printing Setting & Metal Powder
3D Printing Process ( Test Specimen )
3D Specimen Lab Test & Data Comparison
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pWPS Proposal
Base Metal Welding Consumable
Welding Process Welding Gas
Heat Input Pre‐heat & PWHT
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WPQT
Sample Essential Variables
NDT Result
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Weldment Properties ( Laboratory Test )
Tensile Strength
Ductility Properties
Hardness Value
Toughness Properties
Corrosion Resistance
Chemical Composition
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Sample Physical Properties
Sample Chemical Properties
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If Overall Result Satisfactory , Transfer the Data to the PQR , and prepare the WPS
Figure 6 : Bow Tie Concept in Developing Welding Procedure Specification ( WPS )
Figure 6 : Bow Tie Concept in Developing Welding Procedure Specification ( WPS )
of “ Plant ” in this Act includes any machinery , equipment , appliance , implement or tool , any component thereof and anything fitted , connected or appurtenant .
Metal 3D Printing Perspective
Recently there has been an increased trend and interest in 3D printing among the industrial players , notably on metal-associated material . Previously , 3D printing was popular on thermoplastic products . However , with the advancement of science and technology , the material range for 3D printing has expanded , making it more attractive to our engineering industry . History has informed us that without proper Quality Control , Safety incidents can occur . The same lesson learned can be applied to current and future technologies , whereby these new products ought to be thoroughly scrutinised from the aspect of Quality and Safety before actual application . The notion can be like WPS development for 3D printing .
In theory , 3D printing can transform a digital 3D software model into a 3D solid object via an additive
manufacturing process , creating the product layerby-layer , sequentially . This method differs from conventional subtractive manufacturing processes which cut larger blocks of material into the final product . There are advantages to 3D printing for metal products compared to conventional subtractive manufacturing , such as the relative speed in producing complex shaped parts and generating little material waste , just to mention a few . Nevertheless , some downsides are the higher production costs due to equipment and raw materials ( metal powder ), and the limitation of the size of parts by the build volume of the machine itself .
Basically , there are three types of 3D printing technology , namely , Sintering ( using heat below the melting point ), Melting ( fusing the material at high temperatures ) and Stereolithography ( a photopolymerisation method ). Regardless of the manufacturing technique , it is crucial to ensure that the metal product from 3D printing is fit for purpose in terms of material characteristics . This can be verified by laboratory testing on the 3D printing specimen and data evaluation . For example , stainless steel parts produced from 3D
44 VOL 96 OCTOBER-DECEMBER 2023