framework for executing HF with specific requirements , including anthropometric data for facilities development ( refer to Table 2 ). However , the anthropometric data is over 20 years old . The frameworks do not provide a detailed methodology or timeline for completing HF , but list methods that can be utilised with the involvement of HF Specialists . Unlike ISO standards , ASTM technical standards can be directly implemented by designers and engineers , and HFE Specialists are needed to harmonise the overall design and perform specific analyses as required [ 12 ]. Many organisations and companies have adopted the ASTM standards as their preferred reference material due to the substantial amount of prescriptive requirements available in the form of figures and tables that can be customised to their needs [ 7 ]. Generally , in Malaysia , many organisations refer to ASTM for guidance . However , Malaysian population specific HF guidelines or standards should be developed .
3 . Classification Societies Classification societies are non-Governmental organisations responsible for establishing technical standards for ships and offshore structure constructions . They ensure that HFE is considered during the design process for offshore facilities . ABS and DNV are examples of classification societies that have published guidance documents on HFE ( refer to Table 2 ). There are additional guidance documents available that complement class rules to improve human performance , reduce fatigue and enhance quality of life at sea . The classification bodies have identified 95 documents relevant to HFE in design , providing HFE requirements , assessment criteria and measurement methodologies . They have also created a notation scheme to indicate compliance with voluntary HFE criteria for vessels and marine facilities [ 13 ].
Industry Groups
1 . EEMUA EEMUA is an industry group that promotes safety , environmental sustainability and operational efficiency of industrial facilities by sharing technical knowledge and experiences . They have created two guidelines , EEMUA 191 and EEMUA
201 , which provides best practices for designing alarm systems and control desk human-machine interfaces ( HMIs ) [ 14 , 15 ]. These guidelines promote a user-centric design philosophy and are widely used in the oil and gas sector . However , they do not provide direct prescriptive requirements for implementation , so discussion between end-users , designers and the HF Specialist is required to determine appropriate requirements .
2 . IOGP IOGP is an organisation that represents the global upstream industry and recognises the importance of HF in improving human performance in the workplace . They have published several HFrelated guidance documents [ 16 ], with the “ HFE in Projects ” document being recommended . This document ensures compliance with established HFE standards to mitigate HF issues and manage HFE risks . Compliance with these documents can satisfy regulatory requirements and describe HFE as part of the design within the project lifecycle . Consequently , IOGP has proposed a simple model for HFE execution that meets regulatory expectations .
3 . CIEHF CIEHF is a UK-based professional body for ergonomists and HF Specialists that has published a white paper on barrier management , with a focus on HF in high hazard industries . The paper presents a bow-tie model with three layers of barriers : engineered , organisational and human . HF can undermine all three types of barriers , so a 33-point recommendation is provided to improve the development of implementation and management of barrier management systems . A new development is the Human Performance Standard , which measures engineering and competencies requirements to protect against the loss of human reliability [ 17 ], based on Bow-tie Analysis relying on human performance .
Operating Companies
Major operating companies in the Malaysian O & G industry have recognised the importance of human factors and ergonomics in their projects and have started integrating it as a component of the project
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