INGENIEUR
capturing value of the business . BMC comprises nine building blocks , as shown in Figure 1 . BMC has become popular because of its adaptability . This tool may be used to brainstorm new businesses , continuously check business viability and study how firms are organised . Additionally , BMC ’ s structure enables organisations to create creative business models by restructuring or rethinking the contents of any of its nine blocks to uncover a new market or business opportunity . However , BMC has certain limits in terms of smart cities .
2 . City Model Canvas ( CMC ) is regarded as smart city-friendly ( see Figure 2 ). CMC is an adaption of BMC and replaces some of the latter ’ s components with characteristics essential to a smart city business model . Moreover , CMC is a framework that city councils can use to define how smart services produce and provide public value [ 3 ]. It integrates the components of a business model into a single graphic that can be used to visualise existing business models and build new ones . Furthermore , CMC may help city councils to consider their business models ’ environmental , social impact and economic feasibility .
Governance
The concept of good governance was initially proposed in the late 1980s . To ensure sustainable world development , the United Nations ( UN ), International Monetary Fund and World Bank have given importance to this notion . In 2018 , the United Nations Committee of Experts on Public Administration ( CEPA ) published 11 principles for the governance of Sustainable Development Goals ( SDG ). SDG contains three important components : efficacy , accountability , and inclusiveness . If these principles can also be applied to the governance of smart cities , then this concept will not depart from the notion of sustainability . The reason is that regardless of how smart and intelligent cities are , they must still maintain sustainability to run effectively . A document titled ‘ Principles of effective governance for sustainable development ’ provides detailed information on the 11 principles [ 4 ].
By contrast , smart governance refers to addition to the current governance paradigm necessary for smart cities . Existing governance models must consider reforming this paradigm owing to the requirement to efficiently manage data from smart infrastructure and use it in the decision-making processes . Smart governance is the practice of employing current technologies and ICT to establish a collaborative , communicationbased , transparent and sustainable environment for citizens and Governments . Smart governance is defined as ( 1 ) making the proper policy decisions , ( 2 ) building innovative governance structures through ICT and ( 3 ) governing with focus on the end result ( i . e ., dealing with substantive urban problems ) [ 5,6 ].
Given that urban concerns vary from one city to another , governance modes and relevant ICT functionalities to be implemented are also varied . However , understanding urban difficulties as a starting point facilitates the definition of appropriate governance structures . Additionally , the development of specialised technologies may contribute to the successful governance of smart cities . Smart city governance is extremely crucial for the management of smart cities , particularly in informing and being transparent to citizens on the status of smart city operations . Smart Governments must provide citizens with a thorough explanation of the intended purpose of the proposed smart city technology .
For example , in terms of regulatory safeguards , breach of data privacy and security is considered a major concern amongst citizens . Integration of multiple networks in cities and recent improvements in big data analytics show that more people could be at risk of identity theft and other types of cyberattacks . Without clear policy and regulations on how data can be used , privacy and security of real-time data could be at risk . Thus , local Government bodies must explain how smart technology will protect and encrypt their personal data and information . That is , smart governance can build on the foundation of good governance provided by the principles of sustainable cities . The additional benefit is that smart governance should have a substantial understanding of why a certain technology is accepted or rejected by focusing on citizens ’ needs .
14 VOL 93 JANUARY-MARCH 2023