extravagant theories like the sociobiology and its multipurpose " selfish gene " ( Sahlins , 2011 ). The issue has become more complex since the powers that be rarely went beyond the superficial reading of the Darwinian evolutionism — through the biased way of Spencer — along with phrenology and other pseudoscientific disciplines that were instrumental for the white supremacy ( Perazzi 2005 ). Thusly , the establishment did not hesitate to embrace the natural division of humanity into races after centuries of beneficial slavery and persistence of the biblical dictum . The resilient conception that Africans ( like the indigenous people ) were disruptive to the desired order and unsurmountable obstacle to the human progress led by the white race , urged to eliminate or at least to minoritize them ( Valko 2010 ). Afro-Argentines enrolled in this double problem : they descended from slaves who stagnated by their racialization in the only alleged evolutionary path of humanity and they also began to be a problem as the making of the nation was driven by a yearning for European models . They were not invited to join the process as the millions of European immigrants that the so-called Generation of the 1880 ´ s gobbled up . Africans remained as a relic of the latecolonial period , from which the patricians in power strategically excluded themselves . The violence by the State through , for example , the construction of a denying historical narrative and identity did not stop with the abolition of slavery . There are three hypotheses . State violence was not a deus ex machina of the dictatorship , because it can be traced back at least three years before and so the study covers the decade from 1973 to 1983 . The condition of African descendants of the victims generated a particular cruelty by the repressors ; some aspects of its social and political implications can be interpreted from an Afrocentric perspective . And reading between the lines and between times , it is possible to link the documented cases to the violence suffered by their ancestors during the African genocide dated back to the sixteenth century . Unlike most contemporary victims , the suffering did not constituted a novelty for the victims of African descendant .
Argentina between 1973 and 1983 The dictator Agustín Lanusse ruled from 1971 until 1973 . He was succeeded by leaders of the Justicialist Liberation Front ( Spanish acronym : FREJULI ): Hector Campora , Raul Alberto Lastiri and Juan Domingo Peron . The latter attempted to launch an interventionist economic program to improve the income of the population , but died on July 1 , 1974 . His wife and vice president , Maria Estela Martinez de Peron , assumed the presidency in a turbulent period that , due to the implementation of an orthodox economic plan , led to the socalled Rodrigazo : a group of policies put into practice by the Minister of Economy Celestino Rodrigo . They triggered dramatic devaluation of the currency and increase in the utility and transportation prices . The social protest broke out in general strikes . The growing escalation by guerrilla groups such as the Montoneros and the repression — not always legal — against them led to the civil-military putsch on March 24 , 1976 . The so-dubbed National Reorganization Process lasted until 1983 with four successive military juntas integrated by the heads of the three branches of armed forces , who nominated the Lieutenant General as de facto President . The first one was Jorge Rafael Videla and the repression increased . For the 1978 Soccer World Cup , the government used a mask welfare that hardly could hide the tense reality . In March 1981 , Videla was replaced by Roberto Eduardo Viola ; in December , Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri took office . He was perhaps the most irresponsible : drunk with power , he declared war against the United Kingdom in April 1982 . His goal was to recover the Falkland Islands , but the war was brief and disastrous . On June 14 , Argentina signed the unconditional surrender . It precipitated the fall of the dictatorship . On July 1 , 1982 , Reynaldo Bignone succeeded Galtieri in the midst of a crisis with a bankrupt industry , inflation , the universities intervened and the careers closed , plus a scandalous and undisguised number of detainees missing . The people clamored for the restoration of democracy and the coup perpetrators acquiesced to the political debate . The parties reassembled and by October 30 ,
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