[ interview ]
“ History teaches us that industry follows energy , not the other way around .”
In terms of approaches to hydrogen utilisation , can we draw any parallels with natural gas ?
The World Bank and other institutions have developed a structured approach to deploying natural gas in countries with abundant natural gas resources . This strategy typically follows a step-by-step methodology that begins with local utilisation and gradually moves towards export as liquefied natural gas ( LNG ). Initially , natural gas is used to meet domestic needs such as heating homes and cooking . This ensures that the immediate energy requirements of the population are met efficiently . The next step , often simultaneously with the first one , involves supplying natural gas to local industries , such as bakeries and small manufacturing businesses , and using it in larger industrial applications that often need to be developed , like power generation , methanol and fertiliser plants , and refineries . This promotes economic growth and industrial development within the country . The strategy then focuses on building pipelines to neighbouring countries , enabling them to also use natural gas for similar local and industrial purposes . And finally , natural gas is exported through LNG to countries which lack sufficient energy for electricity generation and / or heating purposes .
In contrast , the approach to hydrogen , particularly in the EU , seems to start at the end . The focus is heavily on producing hydrogen for export in low-cost countries , similar to LNG , without first establishing robust local usage . It would be wiser to develop local markets for hydrogen , such as using it for producing fertilisers , methanol or SAF , which are easier to transport than hydrogen itself . This localfirst approach would create a more stable and integrated market , reducing the complexities and costs associated with hydrogen transport .
There are currently four major electrolyser technologies that are being commercially deployed while undergoing further development : alkaline , PEM , SOEC , and AEM . Do you see any of them becoming predominant in the future ?
SOEC is a game-changer due to its higher efficiency compared to PEM , alkaline , and AEM electrolysers . Despite some current challenges , such as mechanical strength , SOEC ’ s efficiency makes it a strong contender for the dominant electrolyser technology in the near future . It is particularly beneficial when integrated with processes like ammonia production , where it can utilise the exothermic reaction ’ s heat to further boost efficiency . SOEC ’ s ability to operate at high temperatures allows for greater conversion efficiencies , which is crucial for large-scale hydrogen production .
Having said that , while SOEC stands out due to its efficiency , especially in areas with high electricity costs , there will always be a need for other technologies based on their unique advantages . The goal is to find the right balance and leverage the strengths of each technology to optimise hydrogen production and utilisation . Continuous research and development are crucial to improving the performance and reducing the costs of all electrolyser types .
What role do you think policy plays in advancing green hydrogen technologies and projects ?
Policy is vital in directing investments and fostering technological development . The EU , for example , should focus on leveraging its strengths in research and technology to support companies in developing cutting-edge solutions . Collaborating with regions that have favourable
42 Hydrogen Tech World | Issue 16 | June 2024