How to Coach Yourself and Others Techniques For Coaching | Page 359

In Aggression, also known as the "Moving against" or the "Expansive
solution", the individual threatens those perceived as a threat to avoid
getting hurt. Children might react to parental in-differences by
displaying anger or hostility. This strategy includes neurotic needs four,
five, six, seven, and eight.
Hartmann
Heinz Hartmann focused on the adaptive progression of the ego
"through the mastery of new demands and tasks". In his wake, ego
psychology further stressed "the development of the personality and of
'ego-strengths'...adaptation to social realities".
Object relations
Emotional intelligence has stressed the importance of "the capacity to
soothe oneself, to shake off rampant anxiety, gloom, or
irritability....People who are poor in this ability are constantly battling
feelings of distress, while those who excel in it can bounce back far
more quickly from life's setbacks and upsets". From this perspective,
"the art of soothing ourselves is a fundamental life skill; some
psychoanalytic thinkers, such as John Bowlby and D. W. Winnicott see
this as the most essential of all psychic tools."
Object relations theory has examined the childhood development both
of "[i]ndependent coping...capacity for self-soothing", and of "[a]ided
coping. Emotion-focused coping in infancy is often accomplished
through the assistance of an adult."
Gender differences
Gender differences in coping strategies are the ways in which men and
women differ in managing psychological stress. There is evidence that
males often develop stress due to their careers, whereas females often
encounter stress due to issues in interpersonal relationships. Early
studies indicated that "there were gender differences in the sources of
stressors, but gender differences in coping were relatively small after
controlling for the source of stressors"; and more recent work has

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