How to Coach Yourself and Others Techniques For Coaching | Seite 357

- noting however that "behind all active types of mastery of external
and internal tasks, a readiness remains to fall back on passive-receptive
types of mastery."
In adult cases of "acute and more or less 'traumatic' upsetting events in
the life of normal persons", Fenichel stressed that in coping, "in
carrying out a 'work of learning' or 'work of adjustment', [s]he must
acknowledge the new and less comfortable reality and fight tendencies
towards regression, towards the misinterpretation of reality", though
such rational strategies "may be mixed with relative allowances for rest
and for small regressions and compensatory wish fulfillment, which are
recuperative in effect".
Karen Horney
In the 1940s, the German Freudian psychoanalyst Karen Horney
"developed her mature theory in which individuals cope with the
anxiety produced by feeling unsafe, unloved, and undervalued by
disowning their spontaneous feelings and developing elaborate
strategies of defense." She defined four so-called coping strategies to
define interpersonal relations, one describing psychologically healthy
individuals, the others describing neurotic states.
The healthy strategy she termed "Moving with" is that with which
psychologically healthy people develop relationships. It involves
compromise. In order to move with, there must be communication,
agreement, disagreement, compromise, and decisions. The three other
strategies she described - "Moving toward", "Moving against" and
"Moving away" - represented neurotic, unhealthy strategies people
utilize in order to protect themselves.
Horney investigated these patterns of neurotic needs (compulsive
attachments). Everyone needs these things, but the neurotics' need
them more than the normal person. The neurotics' might need these
more because of difficulties within their lives. If the neurotic does not
experience these needs, he or she will experience anxiety.
The ten needs are:
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