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38 Nowak , M ., McArthur , E . ( 2006 ), ‘ The distinction between torture and cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment ’, Torture , 16 ( 3 ), 147-151 .
39 Başoğlu , M ., Livanou , M ., Crnobarić , C . ( 2007 ), ‘ Torture vs other cruel , inhuman , and degrading treatment : is the distinction real or apparent ?’, Archives of general psychiatry , 64 ( 3 ), 277-285 .
40 Pérez-Sales , P ., Sveaass , N . ( 2020 ), ‘ Torture and the role of the psychological profession ’, in ‘ Human Rights Education for Psychologists ’, Routledge , pp . 207-220 .
41 Başoǧlu , M . ( 2009 ), ‘ A multivariate contextual analysis of torture and cruel , inhuman , and degrading treatments : Implications for an evidence‐based definition of torture ’, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 79 ( 2 ), 135-145 .
42 Amnesty International , Report 2016 / 17 < www . amnesty . org / en / wp-content / uploads / 2021 / 05 / POL1048002017ENGLISH . pdf >.
43 Janoff-Bulman , R . ( 1995 ), ‘ Victims of violence ’, in Everly , G . S . Jr ., Lating , J . M . ( eds .), ‘ Psychotraumatology : Key papers and core concepts in post-traumatic stress ’, pp . 73 – 86 , reprinted from Fisher S . et al ( eds .), ‘ Handbook of Life Stress , Cognition and Health ’, John Wiley & Sons , 1988 , < https :// doi . org / 10.1007 / 978-1-4899-1034-9 _ 5 >.
44 Herman , J . L . ( 1992 ), ‘ Trauma and recovery : The aftermath of violence – from domestic abuse to political terror ’.
45 WHO ( 2021 ), ‘ An implementation guide for suicide prevention in countries ’, < https :// apps . who . int / iris / rest / bitstreams / 1350957 / retrieve >.
46 Øverass Halvorsen , J ., Sveaass , N . ( 2009 ), ‘ Psykologi og tortur : Faglige og etiske utfordringer for psykologer sett i lys av FNs torturkonvensjon ’, Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening , < https :// psykologtidsskriftet . no / fagartikkel / 2009 / 12 / psykologi-og-tortur-faglige-og-etiske-utfordringer-psykologersett-i-lys-av-fns >.
47 Quiroga , J . Jarason , J . M . ( 2005 ), ’ Politically-motivated torture and its survivors : A desk study review of the literature ’, Torture , 16 ( 2 – 3 ).
48 Basoglu , M ., Jaranson , J . M ., Mollica , R ., Kastrup , M . ( 2001 ), ‘ Torture and mental health : A research overview ’, in Gerrity , E ., Tuma , F ., Keane , T . M . ( eds ), ‘ The Mental Health Consequences of Torture ’, Plenum Series on Stress and Coping , Springer , pp . 35-62 , < https :// doi . org / 10.1007 / 978-1-4615-1295- 0 _ 3 >. See also , United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ( 2004 ), ‘ Annual report 2004 , Implementation of activities and use of funds ’, < www . ohchr . org / sites / default / files / Documents / AboutUs / annualreport2004 . pdf >.
49 Eitinger , L . ( 2012 ), ‘ Concentration camp survivors in Norway and Israel ’, Springer Science & Business Media .
50 Elder , W . B ., Domino , J . L ., Mata-Galán , E . L ., Kilmartin , C . ( 2017 ), ‘ Masculinity as an avoidance symptom of posttraumatic stress ’, Psychology of Men & Masculinity , 18 ( 3 ), 198-207 . < https :// doi . org / 10.1037 / men0000123 >. Also : O ’ Brien , C ., Keith , J ., Shoemaker , L . ( 2015 ), ‘ Don ’ t tell : Military culture and male rape ’, Psychological services , 12 ( 4 ), 357-365 , < https :// doi . org / 10.1037 / ser0000049 >.
51 Directive 2013 / 33 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection ( 2013 ), ‘ Directive 2013 / 33 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 ’, < https :// eur-lex . europa . eu / legal-content / EN / TXT /? uri = celex % 3A32013L0033 >.
52 In WHO , ‘ ICD 10 ’, Chapter V , ‘ culture-specific disorders ’ are defined in Annex 2 of the diagnostic criteria for research .
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53 Walker , A ., Lyall , K ., Silva , D ., Craigie , G ., et al ( 2020 ), ‘ Male victims of female-perpetrated intimate partner violence , help-seeking , and reporting behaviors : A qualitative study ’, Psychology of Men & Masculinities , 21 ( 2 ), 213 .
54 Evensen , M . H ., Fluge , S ., Kjoberg , T . S ., Bye , H . H . ( 2019 ), ‘ Menns opplevelse av å bli utsatt for seksuelt overgrep I voksen alder – En kvalitativ metasyntese ’, Psykologi tidsskriftet , < https :// psykologtidsskriftet . no / node / 21278 / pdf >.