2.
THE BODY OF THE PAPER
Typically, the body of a paper is organized into a hierarchical structure, with numbered or unnumbered headings
for sections, subsections, sub-subsections, and even smaller
sections. The command \section that precedes this paragraph is part of such a hierarchy.2 LATEX handles the numbering and placement of these headings for you, when you
use the appropriate heading commands around the titles of
the headings. If you want a sub-subsection or smaller part
to be unnumbered in your output, simply append an asterisk to the command name. Examples of both numbered and
unnumbered headings will appear throughout the balance of
this sample document.
Because the entire article is contained in the document
environment, you can indicate the start of a new paragraph
with a blank line in your input file; that is why this sentence
forms a separate paragraph.
2.1
Type Changes and Special Characters
We have already seen several typeface changes in this sample. You can indicate italicized words or phrases in your
text with the command \textit; emboldening with the command \textbf and typewriter-style (for instance, for computer code) with \texttt. But remember, you do not have
to indicate typestyle changes when such changes are part
of the structural elements of your article; for instance, the
heading of this subsection will be in a sans serif3 typeface,
but that is handled by the document class file. Take care
with the use of4 the curly braces in typeface changes; they
mark the beginning and end of the text that is to be in the
different typeface.
You can use whatever symbols, accented characters, or nonEnglish characters you need anywhere in your document;
you can find a complete list of what is available in the LATEX
User’s Guide[5].
2.2
Math Equations
You may want to display math equations in three distinct
styles: inline, numbered or non-numbered display. Each of
the three are discussed in the next sections.
2.2.1 Inline (In-text) Equations
A formula that appears in the running text is called an inline
o r in-text formula. It is produced by the math environment,
which can be invoked with the usual \begin. . .\end
construction or with the short form $. . .$. You can use
any of the symbols and structures, from α to ω, available
in LATEX[5]; this section will simply show a few examples
of in-text equations in context. Notice how this equation:
limn→∞ x = 0, set here in in-line math style, looks slightly
different when set in display style. (See next section).
2.2.2
2
Display Equations
This is the second footnote. It starts a series of three footnotes that add nothing informational, but just give an idea
of how footnotes work and look. It is a wordy one, just so
you see how a longish one plays out.
3
A third footnote, here. Let’s make this a rather short one
to see how it looks.
4
A fourth, and last, footnote.
A numbered display equation – one set off by vertical space
from the text and centered horizontally – is produced by the
equation environment. An unnumbered display equation is
produced by the displaymath environment.
Again, in either environment, you can use any of the symbols
and structures available in LATEX; this section will just give
a couple of examples of display equations in context. First,
consider the equation, shown as an inline equation above:
lim x = 0
n→∞
(1)
Notice how it is formatted somewhat differently in the displaymath environment. Now, we’ll enter an unnumbered
equation:
∞
X
x+1
i=0
and follow it with another numbered equation:
Z π+2
∞
X
xi =
f
i=0
(2)
0
just to demonstrate LATEX’s able handling of numbering.
2.3
Citations
Citations to articles [1, 3, 2, 4], conference proceedings [3] or
books [6, 5] listed in the Bibliography section of your article
will occur throughout the text of your article. You should
use BibTeX to automatically produce this bibliography; you
simply need to insert one of several citation commands with
a key of the item cited in the proper location in the .tex
file [5]. The key is a short reference you invent to uniquely
identify each work; in this sample document, the key is the
first author’s surname and a word from the title. This identifying key is included with each item in the .bib file for
your article.
The details of the construction of the .bib file are beyond
the scope of this sample document, but more information
can be found in the Author’s Guide, and exhaustive details
in the LATEX User’s Guide[5].
This article shows only the plainest form of the citation command, using \cite. This is what is stipulated in the SIGS
style specifications. No other citation format is endorsed.
2.4
Tables
Because tables cannot be split across pages, the best placement for them is typically the top of the page nearest their
initial cite. To ensure this proper “floating” placement of
tables, use the environment table to enclose the table’s contents and the table caption. The contents of the table itself
must go in the tabular environment, to be aligned properly
in rows and columns, with the desired horizontal and vertical rules. Again, detailed instructions on tabular material
is found in the LATEX User’s Guide.
Immediately following this sentence is the point at which
Table 1 is included in the input file; compare the placement
of the table here with the table in the printed dvi output of
this document.