Forum for Nordic Dermato-Venereology Nr 1, 2018 | Page 23
Annarita Antelmi – Permanent Hair Dyes. Exposure, Diagnostics, and Prevention of Contact Allergy
commonly used in products sold in our geographical area. The
free forms, PPD and 2,5-TDA, trace more contact allergy than
the respective salt. Contact allergy to PPD, 2,5-TDA and their
salts PPD-DHC and 2,5-TDA-S are common and with frequent
simultaneous reactions among these compounds.
Different strategies should be adopted simultaneously to im-
prove the prevention of contact allergy to permanent hair dyes:
• Encouraging further investigation on new hair dye ingredi-
ents with less allergenic dyeing substances.
• Improving the awareness of consumers using products
containing strong sensitizers displaying the concentrations
of allergens on the labelling and avoiding the recommen-
dation of self-test.
• NI gloves must be recommended to hairdressers and custom-
ers when dying hair with the permanent hair dyes currently
available. The PE gloves supplied in hair dye for home use
can be considered safe against the same hair dye and for
using up till 30 min.
• PPD 1% pet. is the best marker of contact allergy to per-
manent hair dyes and must be tested in the baseline series.
2,5-TDA 1% or 1.1% (equimolar to concentration of PPD
1%) should be tested in hairdressers series in case of occu-
pational exposure to hair dyes or history of allergic reactions
to hair colouring.
List of publications
I.
Antelmi A, et al. Are gloves sufficiently protective when hairdress-
ers are exposed to permanent hair dyes? An in vivo study. Contact
Dermatitis. 2015; 72: 229–236.
II. Antelmi A, et al. Evaluation of concordance between labelling
and content of 52 hair dye products: overview of the market of
oxidative hair dye. Labelling and content of hair dye products.
Eur J Dermatol 2016 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print].
III. Antelmi A, et al. In vivo evaluation of the protective capacity of
different gloves against hair dyes. In manuscript.
IV. Antelmi A, et al. Is it possible to optimise patch testing with hair
dye ingredients? Patch testing of 2,477 consecutive dermatitis
patients in Malmö, Sweden. In manuscript.
Experimental and Clinical Studies on Contact Allergy to Diphenylmeth-
ane-4,4’-diisocyanate and Related Substances
H aneen H amada , MS c , P h D
Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, SE-214 21 Malmö, Sweden. E-mail:
[email protected]
Haneen Hamada, on September 1, 2017, defended her doctoral thesis titled “Experimental and Clinical Studies
on Contact Allergy to Diphenylmethane-4,4’-diisocyanate and Related Substances”. Doctoral Dissertation Series
2017:28, 2017. Available from: http://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/21080493/http://portal.research.lu.se/ws/
files/29147028/E_spik_f_rf.pdf
The exposure to isocyanates is more of an occupational prob-
lem than a consumer problem. The main route of exposure
is assumed to be through inhalation. Isocyanates that have
high vapor pressure, such as toluene diisocyanate (TDI), can be
airborne at room temperature. Other isocyanates such as diphe-
nylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) are volatile only when heated.
Industrial processes that can cause exposure to isocyanates are,
for example, spraying or heating. Inhalation of isocyanates
can cause disorders of the respiratory tract. Isocyanates are
well known to cause direct toxic and irritant effects, such as
irritation of the nose, throat, and upper airways and also eye
and skin irritation. In animal and human studies, it has been
found that isocyanates cause skin sensitization and sensitiza-
tion of the lung. The sensitization mechanism and metabolism
of isocyanates is not fully understood. Concurrent reactions
are often seen between different isocyanates and their different
corresponding amines. It is not always evident whether the
Forum for Nord Derm Ven 2018, Vol. 23, No. 1
Haneen Hamada with Associate Professor Erik Zimerson (Main Super-
visor), Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology,
Lund University, Malmö to the left and Associate Professor Lina Hagvall
(Opponent), Department of Dermatology, Gothenburg University,
Gothenburg, to the right.
D issertation
21