FLEETDRIVE or in garage. To be considered level 4, the vehicle should be able to safely stop or park by itself without human interference.
Southeast Asian ride-hailing app Grab is set to deploy level 4 autonomous vehicles as their robotaxis in the region.
locations for the vehicle to operate. Since level 5 vehicles do not require a driver or human intervention, they no longer have steering wheels or pedals. Humans in a level 5 vehicle are simply passengers.
Level 5: Full Driving Automation
Level 5 vehicles are fully capable of operating without human intervention whatsoever. There are no longer any specific conditions or
ISSUE 55 OCTOBER 2025 / WWW. AFMA. ORG. AU 9