Chemwatch : 34-9548 Version No : 4.1.1.1
Page 8 of 11 Fido ' s Flea Shampoo For Cats and Dogs
Issue Date : 02 / 13 / 2014 Print Date : 06 / 27 / 2016
WATER No significant acute toxicological data identified in literature search .
PYRETHRIN I & PYRETHRIN II
PYRETHRIN I & PYRETHRIN II
PYRETHRIN I & PYRETHRIN II
PYRETHRIN I & PYRETHRIN II
For pyrethrins The term " pyrethrin " refers to all six isomers found in pyrethrum , extracts which are obtained from the dried and ground flowers of the pyrethrum plant , Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium . The CAS Registry No . for the mixture is 8003-34-7 . The individual isomers are referred to by the common names of the acid followed by an Arabic number 1 or 2 ( i . e ., pyrethrin 1 , pyrethrin 2 , cinerin 1 , cinerin 2 , jasmolin 1 , jasmolin 2 ). If the term pyrethrins is followed by a roman numerical designation , than it refers to all of the isomers of that number in the pyrethrum extract ( e . g ., pyrethrins I includes pyrethrin 1 , cinerin 1 , and jasmolin 1 ). Pyrethrins have low to moderate acute toxicity via the oral , dermal , and inhalation routes . Mammalian toxicity data suggest that pyrethrins are slightly toxic to small mammals on an acute oral basis ( LD50 = 700 mg / kg body weight ). They are a moderate eye irritant , a mild dermal irritant , and are not a skin sensitisers . Toxic Effects The critical toxicological effects of pyrethrins are neurobehavioral effects ( tremors , labored breathing , hyperactivity , secretory signs , matted coats ), following acute , short-term , and chronic exposure , with nervous system lesions observed in the rat and mouse following acute exposure ; thyroid effects , following chronic exposure in the rat and dog ; and liver effects , following short- and long-term exposure in the rat , dog , and mouse . Following inhalation exposure , neurobehavioral effects were observed initially , and respiratory tract lesions were observed at all dose levels . The neurobehavioral effects and the mode of action on the sodium channel are considered relevant to humans because the effects are observed in both the rat and mouse , and the mode of action affects a basic function of the nervous system that is common to all animals . Toxic Mixtures Effects : The U . S . EPA considered the possibility for increased toxicity due to the presence of synergists such as MGK-264 and piperonyl butoxide in pyrethrins formulations . In order for synergistic effects to be observed in humans , absorbed doses high enough to significantly affect the mixed function oxidase enzymes would be required . It is unlikely that these levels would occur based on the registered uses of pyrethrins . Neurotoxicity : There is a concern for neurotoxicity resulting from exposure to pyrethrins , based on tremors in female rats , decreased motor activity in male rats , and neuropathology in both sexes in a rat acute neurotoxicity study ; clinical signs ( excessive salivation and head arched backward ) in a female rabbit following exposure during gestation ; and tremors in female rats in a subchronic inhalation study . In the range-finding developmental toxicity studies in rats and rabbits , tremors / convulsions were observed in those that died during the study . In the mouse 90-day range-finding study , tremors and increased / decreased activity were observed at dose levels that also resulted in mortality . Pyrethrins are axonic poisons . Reproductive toxicity : In the two generation rat reproduction study , parental male systemic and reproductive toxicity were detected at 1000 ppm ( 65 mg / kg body weight per day ) and parental female systemic toxicity was detected at 3000 ppm ( 196 mg / kg body weight per day ). The NOAEL for parental systemic ( male ) and reproductive toxicity was 100 ppm ( 6.4 mg / kg body weight-day ). Cancer : Pyrethrins are classified as “ Suggestive Evidence of Carcinogenicity , but Not Sufficient to Assess Human Carcinogenic Potential ,” based on the weight-of-the-evidence including the occurrence of benign liver tumors in female rats , no treatment-related increase in liver tumors in male rats , no treatment-related increase in tumors in either sex of mice , and no concern for mutagenicity . Endocrine disruption : There is evidence that pyrethrins are associated with endocrine disruption . Direct measurements of serum thyroid hormones [ T3 , T4 , and TSH ], as well as histopathological alterations in the thyroid ( i . e . follicular cell hypertrophy , follicular cell hyperplasia , follicular cell adenomas and / or carcinomas ) indicate there is concern regarding the potential for endocrine disruption When the appropriate screening and / or testing protocols have been developed , pyrethrins may be subject to additional screening and / or testing . Pyrethrins and pyrethroids : Pyrethrins are botanical insecticides that come from the pyrethrum flower , Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium . Pyrethrins have limitations because of the cost of production and instability in sunlight ; therefore , many synthetic pyrethrins-like compounds were developed to be more stable in sunlight and cost effective . These compounds are referred to as synthetic pyrethroids . Although all pyrethroids interact with sodium channels , there are multiple types of sodium channels and it is currently unknown whether the pyrethrins and pyrethroids have similar effects on all channels
The synergist , piperonyl butoxide , does not enhance the acute toxicity of the substance
( 1 ). Hutson D . H ; Progress in Drug Metabolism 3:215-252 1979
( 2 ). Hayes W . J .; Pesticide Studies in Man William Wilkins pp 75-80
Acute Toxicity
Skin Irritation / Corrosion
Serious Eye Damage / Irritation
Respiratory or Skin sensitisation
Mutagenicity
Carcinogenicity
Reproductivity
STOT - Single Exposure
STOT - Repeated Exposure
Aspiration Hazard