ESCOBAR STEVEN PORTAFOLIO SISTEMAS 1B PORTAFOLIO SISTEMAS ESCOBAR STEVEN | Page 43

“Guided by both self-determination theory and hope theory, this article evaluated
reciprocal effects among adolescent perceptions of the school environment, engagement
in learning, hope, and academic achievement. Using a sample of 423 students (M age
15.72 years; 46.7% female; 77.6% white; 30.9% eligible for FRPL) from five small
secondary schools in the upper Midwest, students' perceptions of the school environment
were linked to engagement in learning, which, in turn, was linked to change in academic
achievement and hope over the span of 1 year. Evidence was found for reciprocal links
between earlier levels of engagement and hope and later perceptions of the environment”.
(Van Ryzin, 2011)
In accordance with Mark J Van Ryzin, school environment affects in a lot of ways the
learning of the students in their schools. However, the teacher´s role is important to motivate
and stimulate the students. For another side, he is right when he says: “school environment
represents a potential leverage point for educational reform”. So a lot of people get benefits.
Effects of the Home Learning Environment and Preschool Center Experience upon
Literacy and Numeracy Development in Early Primary School
Edward C. Melhuish says:
“Multilevel models applied to hierarchical data allow the groups that differ with regard to
expected performance to be created at the child and preschool center levels. These
multilevel analyses indicate powerful effects for the home learning environment and
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