to all other methods of organizing with respect to efficiency, control, and stability. 26 With some added commentary, Weber’ s pure bureaucratic model of organizational structure included the following characteristics: 1. The organization of offices follows the principle of hierarchy; that is, each lower office is under the control and supervision of a higher one. This arrangement of successively higher offices creates ― layers ‖ in a police department; the greater the number of layers, the more vertical complexity a department has. Hierarchy also provides the ― vertical highways ‖ that establish reporting relationships, as well as formal communication channels. 2. There is a right of appeal and of statement of grievances from the lower to the higher offices. 3. Specified areas of competence, meaning a division of labor, exist. This division of labor or specialization increases the width and horizontal complexity of law enforcement agencies. The greater the amount of specialization in organizations, the more organizations grow vertically to have the ability to coordinate the different units. 4. Official duties are bound by a system of rational rules, such as policies and procedures. 5. Administrative acts, decisions, and rules are recorded in writing, creating an institutional memory. 6. The authority associated with a position is the property of the office or job and not of the occupant of the position. 7. Employees are appointed on the basis of qualifications, and specialized training is necessary. 8. Organizational members do not own it. 27 Although not all the characteristics of Weber’ s bureaucratic model can be revealed by an organizational chart, Figure 5.5 does depict two important features:( 1) the principle of hierarchy and( 2) a division of labor that results in specialization. Weber’ s bureaucratic model rested on what he called rational-legal authority. 28 In a police context, rational legal authority rests on the legal basis for the existence of the department. Authority is granted to positions within the organization, such as sergeants, lieutenants, and captains, who use that authority to fulfill their responsibilities and to