international interest in scientific management also remained after Taylor ’ s death ; in 1918 , France ’ s Ministry of War called for the application of scientific management , as did Lenin in an article in Pravda . 19 It is , of course , ironic that a communist society should call for the use of a management system based on the principle that economic self-interest guides the behavior of workers . Although scientific management has long since ceased to be a dominant force , it does not mean that it is all history . In addition to Gantt charts , many of the techniques associated with scientific management remain in use . Time and motion studies have been used to analyze how detectives use their time , identifying wasteful activities such as waiting for a vehicle to become available at the motor pool . Work-flow analysis ( depicted in Figure 5.3 ) remains used in industrial engineering . Other modern successors to scientific management were developed during World War II to support the war effort , and the refinement and more general application of these techniques is a post-1945 movement . The new techniques have alternatively been referred to as management science and operations research ( OR ), and their central orientation has been the application of quantitative and technical analysis to decision making . 20 Thus , the most enduring image of Taylor is as a promoter of both rationalization in organizations and management control systems . 21 In 1997 , Taylor ’ s The Principles of Scientific Management ( 1911 ) was re-released due to continuing interest in his methods and Kanigel wrote a balanced criticism of Taylor ’ s work , 22 as did Caldari in 2007.23 Read together , they serve to essentially rehabilitate both Taylor ’ s work and his reputation . Weber : The Bureaucratic Model In popular use , bureaucracy has come to mean slow , unnecessarily complicated procedures with answers that don ’ t seem to quite meet our needs . 24 This meaning is far from the image of the ideal or pure bureaucracy developed by the towering German intellect Max Weber ( 1864 – 1920 ), the founder of modern sociology ( see Figure 5.4 ). For Weber , the choice was ― only between bureaucracy and dilettantism in the field of administration .‖ 25 In this regard , Weber claimed that the pure bureaucratic model was superior