international interest in scientific management also remained after Taylor’ s death; in 1918, France’ s Ministry of War called for the application of scientific management, as did Lenin in an article in Pravda. 19 It is, of course, ironic that a communist society should call for the use of a management system based on the principle that economic self-interest guides the behavior of workers. Although scientific management has long since ceased to be a dominant force, it does not mean that it is all history. In addition to Gantt charts, many of the techniques associated with scientific management remain in use. Time and motion studies have been used to analyze how detectives use their time, identifying wasteful activities such as waiting for a vehicle to become available at the motor pool. Work-flow analysis( depicted in Figure 5.3) remains used in industrial engineering. Other modern successors to scientific management were developed during World War II to support the war effort, and the refinement and more general application of these techniques is a post-1945 movement. The new techniques have alternatively been referred to as management science and operations research( OR), and their central orientation has been the application of quantitative and technical analysis to decision making. 20 Thus, the most enduring image of Taylor is as a promoter of both rationalization in organizations and management control systems. 21 In 1997, Taylor’ s The Principles of Scientific Management( 1911) was re-released due to continuing interest in his methods and Kanigel wrote a balanced criticism of Taylor’ s work, 22 as did Caldari in 2007.23 Read together, they serve to essentially rehabilitate both Taylor’ s work and his reputation. Weber: The Bureaucratic Model In popular use, bureaucracy has come to mean slow, unnecessarily complicated procedures with answers that don’ t seem to quite meet our needs. 24 This meaning is far from the image of the ideal or pure bureaucracy developed by the towering German intellect Max Weber( 1864 – 1920), the founder of modern sociology( see Figure 5.4). For Weber, the choice was ― only between bureaucracy and dilettantism in the field of administration.‖ 25 In this regard, Weber claimed that the pure bureaucratic model was superior