15 21 Horn, Michael B. “Will Half Of All Colleges Really Close In The Next Decade?,” Forbes, 13 December 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelhorn/2018/12/13/will-half-of-all-colleges-really-close-in-the-next-decade/?sh=7050dc952e55
16 Moody, Josh. “Tuition Discount Rates Hit New High, Inside Higher Ed, 25 April 2023. Retrieved from: https://www.insidehighered.com/news/business/revenue-strategies/2023/04/25/tuition-discount-rates-hit-new-high)
17 Ibid
18 Dickler, Jessica: “College costs are rising and many families have no idea just how expensive higher education is,” CNBC, 18 August 2021. Retrieved from: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/16/families-really-underestimate-the-cost-of-college-study-finds.html
19 Ibid
20 Ibid
21 Horn, Michael B. “Will Half Of All Colleges Really Close In The Next Decade?,” Forbes, 13 December 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelhorn/2018/12/13/will-half-of-all-colleges-really-close-in-the-next-decade/?sh=7050dc952e55
22 Gardner, Lee. “Colleges Fear Cost of Doing Business Will Become Much Costlier
Inflation, enrollment woes, and increasing intolerance of tuition increases have made this budget season especially difficult,” Chronicle of Higher Education, 24 February 2023. Retrieved from: https://www.chronicle.com/article/colleges-fear-cost-of-doing-business-will-become-much-costlier
23 Kanel, Kristi. “Administrative Bloat in Higher Education: Is This Now a Higher Education Industrial Complex?”, A Publication of the Academic Senate, California State University – Fullerton, Senate Forum, 9 May 2023, citing Tomar, D. (2023). Overcoming Administrative bloat in higher education. Retrieved from: https://thesenateforum.wordpress.com/2023/05/09/administrative-bloat-in-higher-education-is-this-now-a-higher-education-industrial-complex/#:~:text=is%20not%20present.-,%E2%80%9CAdministrative%20bloat%20is%20what%20occurs%20when%20the%20cost%20and%20scale,detracts%20from%20that%20educational%20mission.%E2%80%9D
24 Lamont Jones Jr. “One Culprit in Rising College Costs: Administrative Expenses,” US News & World Report, 1 June 2023. Retrieved from: https://www.usnews.com/education/articles/one-culprit-in-rising-college-costs
25 Ibid
26 Ibid
27 Danielle Melidona, Morgan Taylor, Ty C. McNamee. “2021 Fall Term Pulse Point Survey of College and University Presidents,” 25 October 2021. Retrieved from: https://www.acenet.edu/Research-Insights/Pages/Senior-Leaders/Presidents-Survey-Fall-2021.aspx#:~:text=Most%20Pressing%20Issues%20for%20Presidents&text=Almost%20three%2Dquarters%20of%20all,in%20the%20April%202021%20survey.
28 Wyland, Michael. “The Infrastructure of Higher Ed is Crumbling,” NP…, June 6, 2017. Retrieved From: https://nonprofitquarterly.org/infrastructure-higher-ed-crumbling/
29 Retrieved from: https://www.bhdp.com/insights/higher-education-deferred-maintenance-mounting-problem
30 Ibid
31 Ibid
32 Ibid
33 “Higher Education's Top 5 Business Issues,” NACUBO, 19 September 2022. Retrieved from: https://www.nacubo.org/Research/2022-Top-Business-Issues
34 Whitford, Emma. “Cyberattacks Pose ‘Existential Risk’ To Colleges—And Sealed One Small College’s Fate,” Forbes, 19 April 2022. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/emmawhitford/2022/04/19/cyberattacks-pose-existential-risk-to-colleges-and-sealed-one-small-colleges-fate/?sh=2e9b1c5053c2
35 “Postsecondary Administrators,” Occupational Outlook Handbook, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Retrieved from: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/postsecondary-education-administrators.htm
36 Ibid
37 Ibid
38 Lamont Jones Jr. “One Culprit in Rising College Costs: Administrative Expenses,” US News & World Report, 1 June 2023. Retrieved from: https://www.usnews.com/education/articles/one-culprit-in-rising-college-costs
39 Kanel, Kristi. “Administrative Bloat in Higher Education: Is This Now a Higher Education Industrial Complex?”, A Publication of the Academic Senate, California State University – Fullerton, Senate Forum, 9 May 2023, Retrieved from: https://thesenateforum.wordpress.com/2023/05/09/administrative-bloat-in-higher-education-is-this-now-a-higher-education-industrial-complex/#:~:text=is%20not%20present.-,%E2%80%9CAdministrative%20bloat%20is%20what%20occurs%20when%20the%20cost%20and%20scale,detracts%20from%20that%20educational%20mission.%E2%80%9D
40 Vedder, Richard. “From Tenured Professor to Lumpenproletariat: The State of Higher Ed Faculty in America,” Minding the Campus, 4 April 2023. Retrieved from: https://www.mindingthecampus.org/2023/04/04/from-tenured-professor-to-lumpenproletariat-the-state-of-higher-ed-faculty-in-america/
41 Democratic Staff. “The Just in Time Professor: A Staff Report Summarizing eForum Responses on the Working Conditions of Contingent Faculty in Higher Education,” House Committee on Education and the Workforce, January 2014. Retrieved from: https://democrats-edworkforce.house.gov/imo/media/doc/1.24.14-AdjunctEforumReport.pdf
42 Flaherty, Colleen. “Barely Getting By: New Report on Adjuncts Says Many Make Less Than $3500 per Course and Live in Poverty,” Inside Higher Education, 19 April 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/04/20/new-report-says-many-adjuncts-make-less-3500-course-and-25000-year
43 Flaherty, Colleen. “Prestige Hiring Across Academe: Prior research demonstrates insular faculty hiring practices within certain disciplines. A new study finds them across fields. What does that mean for knowledge production?,”Inside Higher Ed, 22 September 2022.
Retrieved from: https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2022/09/23/new-study-finds-80-faculty-trained-20-institutions
44 Finley, Ashley. “How College Contributes to Workforce Success,” AAC&U & Hanover Research, 2021Retrieved from: https://dgmg81phhvh63.cloudfront.net/content/user-photos/Research/PDFs/AACUEmployerReport2021.pdf
45 Sir Ken Robinson. “Do Schools Kill Creativity?,” TED2006. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/sir_ken_robinson_do_schools_kill_creativity?languages=en
46 Retrieved from: https://www.aceacps.org/summary-profile/
47 “ACE’s American College President Study Finds Higher Ed Leadership Continues Slow March to Parity, Equity,” American Council on Education, 14 April 2023. Retrieved from: https://www.acenet.edu/News-Room/Pages/2023-ACPS.aspx
48 Whitford, Emma. “Charitable Gifts to Colleges Top $52 Billion,” Inside Higher Ed, 16 February 2022. Retrieved from: https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2022/02/17/giving-colleges-grew-7-percent-fiscal-2021)
49 Moody, Josh. “Why Are So Many College Presidents Resigning?,” Inside Higher Ed, 1 August 2023. Retrieved from: https://www.insidehighered.com/news/governance/executive-leadership/2023/08/01/abrupt-presidential-exits-underscore-jobs#:~:text=Reasons%20for%20presidential%20resignations%20are,can%20face%20unique%20political%20challenges.