The Result of Mid-High-Heeled Footwear on Young Adult Women
use of high-heeled footwear . Additionally , they found no effects of footwear on the static or dynamic lumbar lordosis [ 4 ] .
Spino-pelvic radiographic parameters characterizing sagittal balance are clinically relevant [ 8 , 38 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 ] . Dai et al . [ 9 ] analyzing standing left lateral radiographs of the spine and pelvis revealed increased lumbar lordosis . No significant differences for sagittal balance parameters ( SS , PT or PT / SS ) between the barefoot and high-heel positions were found . One study [ 9 ] showed that the radiographic sagittal vertical axis ( SVA ) was always positive and was worse after wearing a variety of heights of highheel shoes . Finally , they concluded that the SVA was significantly more extensive under the 45.5 mm height high heel use than barefoot . Weitkunat et al . [ 8 ] studied biplanar standing lateral radiographs of the whole body found in some cases , increased cervical lordosis . Substantial correlations and pronounced differences between the barefoot / high-heeled conditions were found in the C7 sagittal vertical axis ( SVA ), the cervical lordosis , the knee flexion angle , and the femoral obliquity angle . No statistically significant changes were seen for thoracic kyphosis , lumbar lordosis , or the measures of pelvic sagittal inclination . A radiographic study by Aota et al . [ 73 ] found that arms relaxed in front with hands loosely clasped produce the least negative shift in SVA is the best arm position for SVA measurement .
Authors of the radiographic studies used the images of patients who were positioned with fingers on the clavicles that could significantly influence the angle of lordosis
[ 74 ]
. The surface topography study using structured light has shown that position with fingers on clavicles does not influence vertical trunk inclination and kyphosis , but significant changes of the lordosis angle were found [ 74 ] . The positioning of the body during the posture assessment may influence the spinal curvatures [ 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 ] and sagittal alignment .
Out of all the methods used to examine static changes in posture , rasterstereography ( also referred to as surface topography , ST ) offers
[ 46 , 47 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 ], the most reliable information while not exposing the measured persons to ionizing radiation . Various parameters and indexes are drawn from the surfacetopography and radiographic data that may confuse the interpretation of the results . Surface topography is usually used to detect
[ 25 , 42 , 49 , 57 , 67 , 82 or monitor scoliosis deformities
, 83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96 ]
, few publications address the physiological curvatures of the spine , lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis [ 26 , 42 , 48 , 64 , 82 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 ] . Radiographic measurements of SVA , PT , LL , SS , or PI are based on radiographic points assessed on the full spine radiograms [ 72 ] , which are inaccessible in surface measurements . Parameters extracted by means of recently developed non-invasive optical systems ( including moiré projection method and surface topography ) are frequently novel
[ 12 , 14 , 47 , 82 , 88 , 99 , 101 , 102 and specific for each device
, 103 ]
. Some of the indexes are recommended by the SOSORT [ 60 ] . However , the guidelines are known mostly to researchers dealing with scoliosis , and not applied during most experiments .
In our study , significant differences were found for the vertical balance angle and pelvic inclination angle . Unexpectedly Weitkunat et al . [ 8 ] found no statistically significant changes for thoracic kyphosis , lumbar lordosis , and the measures of pelvic sagittal inclination . The absence of statistically significant changes of the
26 Pedorthic Footcare Association | www . pedorthics . org