10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
eventually
will
we
will
no
longer
need
to
write
checks
because
all
companies
will
want
to
use
online
banking
to
do
transfers.
If
it
is
so
difficult
to
quantify
the
benefits
of
information
systems
for
individual
firms
and
for
entire
industries,
why
do
managers
continue
to
invest
in
information
systems?
Competitive
pressure
forces
managers
to
invest
in
information
systems
whether
they
like
it
or
not.
You
might
ask,
then,
so
why
waste
time
making
the
business
case
for
a
system?
Why
not
just
build
them?
Given
the
vast
number
of
potential
systems
and
technologies
that
could
be
developed
or
acquired,
a
strong
business
case
aids
the
decision-‐making
process
and
helps
direct
resources
in
more
strategic
ways.
Do
you
carry
genes
for
chronic
diseases
that
may
make
you
bad
risk
for
health
insurance
companies
or
for
a
potential
employers
who
provide
health
insurance
for
their
employees?
I
know
that
I
carry
the
genes
to
develop
cancer
and
to
have
a
heart
attack
young.
I
know
these
two
are
very
costly.
Would
you
want
to
know
if
you
carry
the
gene
or
genes
for
a
fatal
disease
for
which
there
is
currently
no
treatment
or
cure,
such
as
Alzheimer’s
disease?
Yes,
I
would
want
to
know
because
I
have
seen
someone
live
and
die
from
Alzheimer’s,
and
if
I
would
know
that
I
would
someday
develop
it
I
would
start
living
life
to
the
fullest
so
that
when
I
do
forget
people
could
always
say
she
live
the
best
life
she
could.
How
ethical
are
mail-‐order
genetic
testing
laboratories
that
offer
genetic
analyses
without
counseling
to
help
clients
interpret
results?
I
mean
the
client
knew
what
they
were
getting
into
before
they
ordered
the
test,
and
I
think
there
needs
to
be
dummy
proof
instructions
on
how
to
interpret
the
results
so
that
the
client
does
not
get
the
wrong
idea,
but
then
that
is
about
it.
Is
genetic
testing
another
example
of
technology
outpacing
legal
and
ethical
issues?
No
it
is
something
much
needed,
and
it
has
saved
many
lives.
Sometimes,
the
pros
outweigh
the
cons.
How
will
knowing
your
genetic
profile
affect
your
life
and
your
future?
I
would
hope
it
would
show
me
that
you
never
know
what
will
happen
so
live
life
to
the
fullest
while
you
have
the
chance.
And
how
can
we
protect
such
information
form
those
who
would
abuse
it?
There
is
no
way
this
can
happen
because
today
there
are
to
many
bad
people
who
want
to
steal
other
people’s
information.
The
question
must
be,
then,
why
does
all
this
maintenance
occur?
The
maintenance
occurs
because
things
will
cluttered
if
software
is
unkempt,
and
the
maintenance
occurs
to
keep
the
software
up
to
date.
Correct?
Yes,
but
software
must
still
be
maintained.
How
do
hackers
find
security
holes?
Smart
hackers
may
study
an
application
until
they
recognize
an
entrance
hole,
while
not-‐so-‐smart
hackers
simply
“free
ride”
on
the
efforts
of
others
by
following
“recipes”
posted
on
hacker
Web
sites.
The
solution?
Microsoft 4