China Policy Journal Volume 1, Number 1, Fall 2018 | Page 148

Table 1. Data Sources
Chronic Noncompliance and Ineffective Enforcement in Guangzhou
Types of Data
Regular
administrative
penalties
(2007–2015)
Enforcement
campaigns
(2007–2015)
Information
about citizen
reporting
(2007–2015)
Sources of Data
Annual Report on the State of Environment in Guangzhou (2008–2015)
(Guangzhou EPB 2008–2016)
The Guangzhou Yearbook (2008–2015) (Editing Committee 2008–2016)
The Institute of Public & Environmental Affairs, Database on the
environmental performance of enterprises (IPE 2018)
Report on the Implementation of the Listed Supervision of the Prioritized
Environmental Pollution Problems (Guangzhou EPB and Guangzhou
Bureau of Discipline and Inspection 2008–2016)
The Guangzhou Yearbook (2008–2015) (Editing Committee 2008– 2016)
Annual Report on the State of Environment in Guangzhou (2008–2015)
(Guangzhou EPB 2008–2016)
The Guangzhou Yearbook (2008–2015) (Editing Committee 2008–2016)
First-hand
information
from fieldwork
1 officer from a district-level
EPB in Guangzhou
1 staff from an ENGO,
Guangzhou Environmental
Protection (GEP)
2 staffs from an ENGO, Liu
Xi He Ecological Protection
Center (LAUKAI)
A public hearing hosted by
the Guangzhou Municipal
People’s Congress
A project evaluation session
hosted by a district-level
water bureau in Guangzhou
Interview conducted by Lin Peng on
August 14, 2015
Interviews conducted by Lin Peng on
April 13, 2016, May 3, 2016, and May 8,
2018
Interviews conducted by Lin Peng on
April 13, 2016, May 7, 2016, and April 5,
2017
Participatory observation conducted by
Lin Peng on April 12, 2018
Participatory observation conducted by
Lin Peng on May 9, 2018
the effective deterring and sanctioning
of environmental violations might be
hindered by inadequate regulatory capacity
and other institutional factors
(Lo et al. 2012; McAllister et al. 2010).
The “enforcement gap” caused by weak
bureaucratic capacity is particularly
significant in industrializing countries
like China. For instance, continuous
emission monitoring systems (CEMSs)
have been widely used in the United
States to provide accurate data on SO 2
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