Endnotes
1
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association. May 18, 2011. “NOAA and Partners
Explore the Hidden World of the Maritime
Maya.” http://researchmatters.noaa.gov/news/
Pages/MayanMariners.aspx
2 Canadian Foundation for the Americas.
December 2010. “The Case for the CanadaPanama Free Trade Agreement.” http://www.
iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2011/07644.pdf
3 CIA World Factbook. “Central America and
Caribbean: Panama.” https://www.cia.gov/
library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/
pm.html
4 The Northern Triangle refers to Central
American nations with the highest levels of
unauthorized migration to the United States
and some of the highest levels of poverty and
inequality in Latin America: El Salvador,
Guatemala, and Honduras. These nations
and their migrants are the focus of this report.
“Northern Triangle” and “Central America”
are used interchangeably in this report except
when otherwise explicitly stated.
5 Pew Hispanic Center. 2011. “Statistical
Portrait of the Foreign-born Population in the
United States, 2009.” http://www.pewhispanic.
org/files/2011/02/2009-FB-Profile-Final.pdf
6 Orozco, Manuel. September 17, 2007.
“Central America: remittances and the macroeconomic variable.” http://76.12.148.244/
PublicationFiles/central%20america%20remittances%20report%20iadbmif.pdf
7 Hoeffer, Michael, et al. 2012.
8 The Economist. April 14, 2011. “The drug
war hits Central America.” http://www.
economist.com/node/18560287 Passel, Jeffrey
and D’Vera Cohn. September 1, 2010. “U.S.
Unauthorized Immigration Flows Are Down
Sharply Since Mid-Decade.” Pew Hispanic
Center. http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/
reports/126.pdf
9 Hoeffer, Michael, et al. 2012.
10 Rosenblum, Marc and Kate Brick. August
2011. “U.S. Immigration Policy and Mexican/
Central American Migrant Flows: Then and
Now.” Migration Policy Institute. http://www.
migrationpolicy.org/pubs/RMSG-regionalflows.pdf
11 Thomas, Kedron. Winter 2007. “Hurricane
Stan and Social Suffering in Guatemala: The
Social Course of Natural Disaster.” http://
www.drclas.harvard.edu/revista/articles/
view/912
12 Lange, Jason. October 10, 2005. “Death
Count from Hurricane Stan Rises in Mexico,
Central America.” http://www.catholicnews.
com/data/stories/cns/0505719.htm
13 Dartmouth Flood Observatory. “Tropical
Storm Stan - Central America and Southern
Mexico Landslide Detection Using ASTER in
Guatemala and El Salvador.” http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/2005139Landslide.html
14 Hinshaw, Robert. January 2006. “QUICK
RESPONSE REPORT: Hurricane Stan Response in Guatemala.” http://www.colorado.
16 Briefing Paper, June 2012
edu/hazards/research/qr/qr182/qr182.pdf
15 Ibid.
16 In this report, we use the International
Fund for Agriculture Development’s (IFAD)
definition of remittances as “a private flow
of funds between family members. The term
is used colloquially to describe transfers of
funds from migrants to families or friends in
the communities of origin.” This can include
money transfers, migrant philanthropy, and
migrant investment. The FFR Brief: Five Years of
the Financing Facility for Remittances. 2012. Rome:
International Fund for Agricultural Development.
http://www.ifad.org/remittances/pub/fiveyears.pdf
17 Multilateral Investment Fund. 2011. “Remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean
in 2010: Stabilization after the Crisis.” http://
idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.
aspx?docnum=35788832. Inter-American
Development Bank.
18 El Consejo Monetario Centroamericano.
Secretaria Ejecutiva. http://www.secmca.org/.
Accessed, March 14, 2012.
19 The World Bank. 2010. “Migration and
Remittances Factbook 2011, 2nd Edition.”
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAC/
Resources/Factbook2011-Ebook.pdf
20 Ibid.