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Berkshire connected acid to escape into the oesophagus and cause heartburn. Moreover, chocolate is made out of coca which contains serotonin which, again, relaxes the oesophageal sphincter muscle. Finally, chocolate contains compounds of theobromine and caffeine which additionally causes the relaxation of the sphincter muscle. Bottom Line: Chocolate contains a high amount of fat, serotonin and other naturally occurring compounds which cause the relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter which results in heartburn. SPICY FOODS Spicy foods contain capsaicin which may slow down the rate of digestion. This means that food will remain in the stomach for a longer period of time which increases the chances of heartburn. A study showed that consuming chili powder slowed down the rate of digestion. Also, spicy foods can irritate an already inflamed oesophagus which worsens heartburn symptoms. Bottom Line: The compound capsaicin which is found in spicy foods slows down the rate of digestion and spicy foods can irritate the oesophagus which can worsen symptoms of heartburn. ONIONS Onions, especially raw onions, are a typical trigger of heartburn as the cause the LES to relax which leads to acid reflux and symptoms of heartburn. In one study, people with heartburn were given a plain hamburger to eat in one day. They also had to eat an identical burger with onions on another day. The burger with onions drastically worsened their heartburn symptoms compared to the burger with no onions. Onions also have a high sources of fermentable fibre which may cause belching (burping) which can intensify acid reflux symptoms. Bottom Line: Onions relax the LES which cause acid reflux and heartburn symptoms. Furthermore, onion have high amounts of fermentable fibre which promotes acid reflux symptoms. ALCOHOL Regular to excessive alcohol use may cause heartburn symptoms in multiple ways. It can relax the LES which triggers heartburn. Additionally, wine and beer can increase the presence of stomach acid in the stomach which can increase the risk of heartburn. Finally, alcohol can damage the lining of the oesophagus which eventually makes it more sensitive to stomach acid. Health & Food 35 Bottom Line: Alcohol may relax LES, increase stomach acid and damage the lining of the oesophagus. These are all determinants that increase the chances of heartburn. COFFEE The caffeine within coffee is likely to cause people to experience heartburn as it relaxes the lower oesophageal sphincter. Some studies however have considered the effects of caffeine alone and discovered that it may not trigger heartburn symptoms; if these results are true, then other compounds found in coffee are to blame for heartburn symptoms. Nonetheless, other studies have not found a link between coffee and reflux symptoms. Overall, it comes down to your own experience, if coffee gives you heartburn then it is highly advised that you avoid it, if not, then there is no reason for you to stop consumption. Bottom Line: Coffee causes some people to experience heartburn because of the ability of caffeine to relax the lower oesophageal sphincter. Although, they is insufficient evidence to support the idea that coffee intake and heartburn are strongly correlated. SODAS AND CARBONATED BEVERAGES Research shows that fizzy drinks relax the muscle barrier between the stomach and the oesophagus and also increase the acidity of the stomach acid. These increase the chances of heartburn. One study involved scientists observing the sleeping patterns of over 15,000 people and found that approximately 25% experienced heartburn during the night time. A further study also found similar results about night-time heartburn being strongly correlated to drinking carbonate drinks. Finally, another study discovered that people who consumed carbonated drinks had a 69% greater chance of developing reflux symptoms. Bottom Line: Soda may cause heartburn as it relaxes the lower oesophageal sphincter which makes it easier for stomach acid to reach the oesophagus. CONCLUSION Many foods cause heartburn by relaxing the lower oesophageal sphincter. If you experience heartburn on a regular basis then it would be advised that you keep food diary or try and keep some of these foods out of your diet. By Ryan Raman, MS, RD (NZ) – Originally published in Authority Nutrition - www.healthline.com