Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings April 2014, Volume 27, Number 2 | Page 21

MS is not the gold standard for cardiovascular risk, as
evidenced by the fact that morbidity and mortality are high in
Black and Hispanic Americans and lower in women (8–10).
As noted elsewhere, genetic, nutritional, and environmental
factors that influence the expression of MS and promote and
suppress the expression of full-blown heart disease, coronary
heart disease, and congestive heart disease are essential in the
expression of disease (12–15). It is important to acknowledge
MS as a precursor to cardiovascular risk that can be addressed
in primary prevention efforts. Evidence of a decline in MS
achieved in wellness programs is an indicator of interventional
success; smoking cessation, weight loss, loss of abdominal girth,
and change in eating patterns are some strategies that can be
used to mitigate inherited factors. The interplay of MS with
genetic and behavioral factors on the risk for cardiovascular
disease should be explored in future studies.
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