( mind , body , spirit ). 4 , 14 Identifying and treating the underlying causes , background activity , and triggers 4 , 14 are very important in the management of autoimmune diseases .
Probiotics play a significant role in immune health and the immune system , 9 , 10 such as immune system development , 11 immunomodulation , 11-13 increasing production of immunoglobulins , enhancing activity of macrophages and lymphocytes ), 12 maturation of the immune system by stimulating the innate immune system in the early stage of life , 41 enhancing the intestinal immune system , 42 production of antimicrobial substances , 12 , 13 and inhibition of bacterial toxin production . 12 Probiotics play a role in structure , such as intestinal wall integrity , 11 , 13 constitution of the intestinal barrier , 41 stimulation of intestinal epithelial cell regeneration , 41 competition with pathogens for adhesion to the epithelium , 12 , 13 , 42 production of mucus and nourishment mucosa through producing short-chain fatty acids . 41
Probiotics are involved in the modulation of microbiota within the microbiotagut-brain axis . 43 The gut-brain axis intimately connects the intestinal system and the brain . 11 , 44 The gastrointestinal system can communicate with the central nervous system via multiple mechanisms , including the metabolic activities of commensal bacteria , which produce substances such as short-chain fatty acids ( SCFAs ), 5-hydroxytryptamine ( 5-HTP ), and gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA ). 6 The gut-brain axis involves bidirectional communication via neural , 11 , 44 endocrine and immune pathways . 11 , 45 The vagus nerve is the main pathway between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain . 36 The vagus nerve interacts with the intestinal microbiota . 36
Probiotics have numerous uses and clinical applications . The applications of probiotics are briefly outlined in Table 1 to provide a glance into the wide range of applications that can be utilised in supporting a person with autoimmune disease .
Conclusion
Autoimmune diseases represent a complex and multifactorial category of disorders arising from the immune system ’ s erroneous and abnormal attack on the body ’ s own tissues and organs . The human organism is home to a diverse and extensive collection of microorganisms , collectively known as the microbiome . Dysbiosis of the microbiota is defined as an imbalance in both the composition
Table 1 . Probiotics and their applications
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp . lactis
Bifidobacterium bifidum
Bifidobacterium breve
Bifidobacterium infantis
Bifidobacterium longum
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Lactobacillus casei
Lactobacillus delbrueckii :
Lactobacillus gasseri
Lactobacillus helveticus
Lactobacillus paracasei
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus reuteri
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
Saccharomyces boulardii and functionality of this microbiome . Probiotics are utilised in various clinical applications and are crucial for maintaining immune health , facilitating the development of the immune system , and modulating immune responses .
REFERENCES For a full list of references , please email the Editor : editor @ atms . com . au
Immune health , 46 Helicobacter pylori infection , 42 irritable bowel syndrome , 42 , 47 antibioticassociated diarrhoea , 42 functional abdominal pain , 42 functional constipation , 42 and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease . 42
Clostridium difficile infection , 13 , 42 antibiotic-associated diarrhoea , 42 irritable bowel syndrome , 42 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease , 47 depression , 36 aggression , 45 and cognitive function . 36
Helicobacter pylori infection , 42 antibiotic-associated diarrhoea , 42 traveller ’ s diarrhoea , 42 functional abdominal pain , 42 irritable bowel syndrome , 42 Crohn ’ s disease , 42 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease , 42 depression , 48 and anxiety . 48
Immune health , 36 antibiotic-associated diarrhoea , 42 functional abdominal pain , 42 irritable bowel syndrome , 47 stress , 36 overall mental health , 34 and anxiety . 48
Helicobacter pylori infection , 42 , 47 gastrointestinal discomfort produced by stress , 49 antibioticassociated diarrhoea , 42 , 47 functional abdominal pain , 42 , 47 functional constipation , 42 , 47 irritable bowel syndrome , 42 , 47 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease , 42 , 47 depression , 13 , 50 , 51 anxiety , 13 , 36 stress , 13 memory , 52 anger , 13 , 49 and hostility . 49
Helicobacter pylori infection , 42 Clostridium difficile infection , 13 , 42 vaginosis , 47 vaginitis , 47 antibiotic-associated diarrhoea , 42 traveller ’ s diarrhoea , 42 functional abdominal pain , 42 Crohn ’ s disease , 42 irritable bowel syndrome , 42 depression , 36 , 49 aggression , 45 overall mental health , 34 and cognitive function . 36
Immune modulation , 53 Helicobacter pylori infection , 42 42 , 47
antibiotic-associated diarrhoea , functional constipation , 42 functional abdominal pain , 42 Crohn ’ s disease , 42 irritable bowel syndrome , 42 depression , 36 , 49 anxiety symptoms , 54 mood , 49 aggression , 45 cognition , 36 , 49 and a significant rise in both Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria . 54
Helicobacter pylori infection , 42 antibiotic-associated diarrhoea , 42 , 47 traveller ’ s diarrhoea , 42 functional constipation , 42 functional abdominal pain , 42 Crohn ’ s disease , 42 irritable bowel syndrome , 42 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease . 47
Helicobacter pylori infection , 42 irritable bowel syndrome , 55 abdominal pain , 55 anxiety , 36 and body weight ( body mass index ). 42
Stress , 13 depression , 13 , 36 , 50 anxiety , 13 anger , 36 , 49 hostility , 36 , 49 cognition , 49 and gastrointestinal discomfort produced by stress . 49
Helicobacter pylori infection , 42 antibiotic-associated diarrhoea , 42 functional abdominal pain , 42 Crohn ’ s disease , 42 and irritable bowel syndrome ., 42
Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea , 42 functional abdominal pain , 42 Crohn ’ s disease , 42 ulcerative colitis , 42 Helicobacter pylori infection , 42 irritable bowel syndrome , 42 , 47 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease , 42 , 47 anxiety , 49 depression , 49 stress , 49 and behaviour in autism . 49
Crying time in infants , 56 infectious childhood diarrhoea , 47 diarrhoea , 53 acute infectious diarrhoea , 42 antibiotic-associated diarrhoea , 42 traveller ’ s diarrhoea , 42 functional abdominal pain , 42 Crohn ’ s disease , 42 irritable bowel syndrome , 42 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease . 42
Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea , 49 , 57 infectious childhood diarrhoea , 47 Clostridium difficileassociated diarrhoea , 47 Crohn ’ s disease , 47 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease , 47 vaginosis , 47 vaginitis , 47 atopic eczema and eczema , 42 post-partum depression , 58 post-partum anxiety , 58 stress , 34 reduced risk of neuropsychiatric disorder development later in childhood , 49 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . 49 Lactobacillus rhamnosus also alters the behavioural activity of the other bacteria in the intestines . 59
Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea , 42 , 47 , 60 42 , 47 , 60
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea , infectious childhood diarrhoea , 47 Crohn ’ s disease , 42 , 47 , 60 ulcerative colitis , 60 diarrhoea , 60 acute infectious diarrhoea , 42 and traveller ’ s diarrhoea . 60
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