An imbalance in the composition and function of the microbiome characterises microbiota dysbiosis . 7 Dysbiosis can be classified into three distinct categories : the depletion of beneficial microorganisms , the overgrowth of potentially pathogenic organisms , and the reduction of overall microbial diversity . Furthermore , these categories are not mutually exclusive and may manifest concurrently . 6 Microbiota dysbiosis significantly influences the initiation , progression , and advancement of many systemic diseases , including immunological disorders , cardiovascular diseases , type 2 diabetes , and respiratory diseases . 7
The dysregulation of the microbiome plays a crucial role in triggering and promoting autoimmune diseases via several mechanisms , including microbial translocation , molecular mimicry , autoantigen overproduction , and amplification of autoimmune responses by cytokines . 7 Research indicates that T helper ( Th ) cells serve as essential regulators or modulators of inflammation in autoimmune diseases influenced by various pathogens . 21 The modulation of cytokines facilitates the differentiation of Th cells into several lineages , each characterised by unique effector subsets , such as Th1 , Th2 , Th17 , and regulatory T ( Treg ) cells . Furthermore , the overall collective functional capacity and diversity of the microbiota are crucial in supporting optimal metabolic regulation , which is vital for developing Th1 , Th2 , Th17 , and Treg cells within the immune system . 21
The oral cavity contains the second largest and most diverse microbiota after the gastrointestinal tract , with a rich diversity of over 700 bacterial species , 7 which inhabit distinct microbiome niches located on mucosal surfaces , the hard tissues of teeth , and within saliva . 7 The homeostasis and equilibrium between the oral microbiota and the immune system is crucial for sustaining the health and overall wellbeing of the
human host . 7 Oral pathogens can access the gastrointestinal tract , disrupting the microbiota balance , enhancing intestinal permeability , and triggering localised inflammation . This cascade of events produces autoantigens , which contribute to systemic inflammation , various autoimmune responses , and the development of systemic autoimmunity . 31
Probiotics
Probiotics are described as live microorganisms that lead to health benefits for the host when taken in specific amounts . 8 , 9 The term “ pro bios ” translates to “ for life ”. 12 , 39 , 40 Probiotics are identified by their specific strain , which includes the genus , the species , and the subspecies ( if applicable ), e . g ., Bifidobacterium animalis subsp . lactis . The use of probiotics can be traced as far back as the Greek and Roman times , when the consumption of cheese and fermented foods was promoted . 9 The management of a person with autoimmune is holistic in nature . The focus is on treating the whole person