Oxidative stress has been associated with obesity in epidemiological , clinical , and animal studies . In both cell culture and animal studies , oxidative stress increases pre-adipocyte proliferation , adipocyte differentiation , and mature adipocyte size . 12 Reactive oxygen species have been proven to affect hypothalamic satiety and hunger neurons . The first neurons in contact with peripheral signals are called ‘ neurons of first order ’. These neurons are only present in the Arcuate Nucleus ( ARC ) 13 and a lesion of this hypothalamic region induces hyperphagia and obesity . 14 It is largely well described in the literature that the ARC presents two subsets of neurons that have opposite effects on feeding . One of these groups of neurons expresses pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript , and upon stimulation , these neurons produce anorectic effects . 15 The pro-opiomelanocortin precursor is cleaved into α-melanocyte-stimulating hormones ( α-MSH ) which reduces food intake and body weight , and increases energy expenditure . 16 , 17 The second group of neurons in the ARC leads to orexigenic responses upon activation . These neurons express neuropeptide Y and the agouti-generelated transcript , 18 , 19 that stimulate food intake and reduce energy expenditure . 20 Reactive oxygen species may initiate |
General identification
Production
Cause of formation
Ama with Visha origin
Types or classification
Ama as intermediate metabolites
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Subsequent dhatus are not formed at optimum level
Meda Dhatu or adipose tissue is formed in excessive quantity
Generalised term which can be applied for many malformed substances in the body which are responsible for the production of various diseases .
Ama is produced whenever there is malfunction of Agni in the body
Mithyaahara vihara – faulty dietary practices
Ama is produced from vishajadravyas like biological toxin , Garavisha , visha from Virud dhahara etc .
The body contains 100 trillion cells . Each cell has its own Agni and many different types of Ama can be produced .
Ama is also an intermediary metabolite in the process of digestion which is harmful to the body .
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Inflammation
Disease - Obesity
The root cause of many diseases in contemporary science . 6
Free radicals are said to be produced in the body in abundance when equilibrium between its generation and the body ' s primary defence is disturbed , which includes the activity of certain enzymes like superoxide dismutase , catalase and glutathione peroxidase .
Exogenous factors like pollutants , dangerous chemicals , certain food products , cigarette smoking etc . lead to the formation of free radicals ( which are also varieties of Mithyaahara and vihara ).
Certain toxic substances like heavy metal produce free radicals . Auto-oxidation , consequent inactivation of small molecules such as reduced Thiols , flavins and electron transfer etc . are processes by the free radical formation that also goes on inside the body .
Total number / types of free radicals are still not known . Depending on the site and method of production many different forms of free radicals are produced .
Certain enzymes produce radicals as intermediary substances , which are supposed to go into further metabolism , but they jump out of the normal metabolic cycle and work as harmful entities .
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JATMS | Summer 2022 | 211 |