RECENT RESEARCH focus more on long-term benefits when communicating about healthy ( vs . unhealthy ) foods mediated the effect of food type on emotionality . Emotionality , in turn , increases persuasiveness for healthy foods .
Conclusions : People use emotionality in communicating about unhealthy ( vs . healthy ) foods .
Zuk E , Nikrandt G , Chmurzynska A . Dietary choline intake in European and non-European populations : Current status and future trends-a narrative review . Nutrition Journal . 2024 ; 23 ( 1 ): 68 . Doi : 10.1186 / s12937-024-00970-0 .
Background : Choline is a nutrient necessary for the proper functioning of the body with a multidimensional impact on human health . However , comprehensive studies evaluating the dietary intake of choline are limited . The aim of this narrative review is to analyze current trends in choline intake in European and non-European populations . The secondary aim was to discuss possible future choline trends .
Methods : The search strategy involved a systematic approach to identifying relevant literature that met specific inclusion criteria . Observational studies and randomized clinical trials were searched for in PubMed and Scopus databases from January 2016 to April 2024 . This review includes the characteristics of study groups , sample sizes , methods used to assess choline intake and time period , databases used to determine intake , choline intakes , and the main sources of choline in the diet . The review considered all population groups for which information on choline intake was collected .
Results : In most studies performed in Europe after 2015 choline intake did not exceed 80 % of the AI standard value . The mean choline intake for adults in different European countries were 310 mg / day , while the highest value was reported for Polish men at 519 mg / day . In non-European countries , mean choline intakes were 293 mg / day and above . The main reported sources of choline in the diet are products of animal origin , mainly eggs and meat . The available data describing the potential intake of these products in the EU in the future predict an increase in egg intake by another 8 % compared to 2008-2019 and a decrease in meat intake by about 2 kg per capita from 2018 to 2030 .
Conclusions : In the last decade , choline intake among adults has been insufficient , both in Europe and outside it . In each population group , including pregnant women , choline intake has been lower than recommended . Future choline intake may depend on trends in meat and egg consumption , but also on the rapidly growing market of plant-based products . However , the possible changes in the intake of the main sources of choline may lead to either no change or a slight increase in overall choline intake .
JATMS | Spring 2024 | 181