vii
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1
1 Sample Collection and Handling 3
Collection of Urine Samples 3 Free-Catch Urine Collection 3 Transurethral Catheterization 15 Cystocentesis 37
Urine Sample Handling 44 Culture 44
2 Initial Assessment: Physical Characteristics 47 Volume 47 Color 47 Clarity / Turbidity 48 Odor 48 Urine Specific Gravity 49
3 Urine Chemistry 53 Urine pH 53 Protein 54 Glucose 60 Ketones 61 Blood( Occult Blood, Heme) 63 Bilirubin 64
4 Urine Sediment 67
Preparation for Microscopic Examination 67
Casts 67 Hyaline Casts 68 Cellular Casts 71 Granular Casts 73 Waxy Casts 78 Fatty Casts( Lipid Casts) 79 Hemoglobin Casts 81