3.4.2 . Orientation with the help of a ruler |
367 |
3.4.3 . Optical and laser plumbing |
367 |
3.5 . Orientation of a tunnel through two vertical shafts |
368 |
3.6 . Other orientation methods |
369 |
3.7 . Transfer of the elevation from the surface to the tunnel |
370 |
4 . Underground geodetic network . Tracing and control |
378 |
4.1 . Realization of the network and tracing and control |
378 |
4.2 . Precise management and control of tunnel boring machines |
380 |
4.3 . Tracing and control in railway construction |
382 |
4.4 . Tunnel gauge measurement |
383 |
5 . Tracing of hydrotechnical tunnels with high slopes during construction – adits |
383 |
6 . Issuing acts , protocols and schemes for tracing and control in tunnel construction 381 | |
3.5.3 . GEODETIC PART IN THE DESIGN , TRACING , CONSTRUCTION | |
AND CONTROL OF METROPOLITANS |
381 |
3.5.3.1 . Geodetic problems solved in Sofia Metropolitan |
381 |
3.5.3.2 . Topographic base for digital maps , plans and other data |
382 |
3.5.3.3 . Digital model of the metropolitan project |
396 |
1 . Digital model of the alignment and longitudinal profile |
396 |
3.5.3.4 . GEODETIC NETWORKS IN SOFIA METROPOLITAN |
389 |
1 . General provisions and type of geodetic networks |
389 |
1.1 . General provisions |
389 |
1.2 . Triangulation networks on the territory of Sofia City |
390 |
1.3 . Leveling networks on the territory of Sofia City |
392 |
1.4 . Basic tasks to be solved using the reference geodetic networks | |
and requirements for the metro construction , installation and | |
operation |
393 |
1.5 . Preliminary assessment of reference networks |
394 |
1.6 . Possibilities of using the existing and appropriate new reference | |
networks in the metro area |
395 |
1.7 . Considerations for the type of new geodetic networks |
396 |
1.8 . Geodetic reference network covering the general metro scheme |
397 |
1.9 . Variants of precise networks along the different metro diameters |
397 |
1.10 . Model studies of geodetic network variants |
400 |
1.10.1 . Design of research |
400 |
1.10.2 . Calculations |
401 |
1.10.3 . Conclusions , proposals and inferences |
401 |
1.10.4 . Recommendations |
401 |
1.11 . Other possible variant solutions |
402 |
1.12 . Summary |
403 |
2 . Implemented geodetic networks in the different metro diameters |
403 |
2.1 . NETWORK OF THE FIRST METRO DIAMETER |
403 |
2.1.1 . Network of half-diameter 1 of the first metro diameter |
403 |
2.1.2 . Networks of half-diameter 2 of the first metro diameter |
405 |
2.1.2.1 . GNSS network from Serdika metro station to Mladost 1 quarter |
405 |
1 . General data |
405 |
2 . Selecting a method for network development |
405 |
3 . Network design |
406 |
4 . Data for the GPS network and the measurements |
406 |
5 . Project realization |
407 |
5.1 . Stabilization of points |
407 |