1 . INTRODUCTION
2016
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes , called " malaria vectors ." There are 5 Plasmodium species which cause malaria in human , and one of them – P . falciparum – role the greatest threat . It is the prevailing one on the East Asian continent and responsible for worldwide malaria-related deaths .
In 2015 , nearly half of the world ' s population , about 3.2 billion people were at risk of malaria . The incidence rate was estimated 214 million cases , means 91 new cases per 1,000 people at risk . In 2015 , 95 countries and territories had malaria transmission ongoing . Most cases in 2015 are estimated to have occurred in the WHO African Region ( 88 %), followed by the WHO South-East Asian Region ( 10 %). Global financing for malaria control also increased from an estimated US $ 960 million in 2005 to US $ 2.5 billion in 2014 .
Malaria is a new and resurgent vector-borne communicable diseases ( Tian et al ., 2015 ; Watson et al ., 1997 ; Yu et al ., 2015 ). Transmission of vector-borne diseases may be impacted by climate change such as temperature . The development of malaria parasite ( Plasmodium falciparum ) increases when temperature exceeds 33 °– 39 ° C ( Patz et al ., 1996 ). Rising temperature can influence the reproduction and extrinsic incubation period ( EIP ) of pathogens ( Harvell et al ., 2002 ). Warm climate may facilitate larval development , enhance vector survivorship and reproductive fitness , and increase the blood feeding frequency and parasite sporogonic development rate ( Afran , et al , 2012 ). Those are some facts about relation among climate conditions and infectious diseases which make malaria as one of the greatest public health concerns and seems likely to be the most susceptible vector-borne disease to long-term climate change .
Progress in malaria control is threatened by the rapid development and spread of antimalarial drug resistance . Resistance to prior medicine generations , such as chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine ( SP ), became widespread in the 1970s and 1980s . Resistance to quinine , the oldest antimalarial drug , was reported first in Brazil and later in South East Asian . In recent years , parasite resistance to artemisinins has been detected in 5 countries border region of South East Asian : Cambodia , Myanmar , Thailand and Vietnam . Clinical resistance to artesunate , manifested as delayed clearance of parasitemia after therapy was documented in 2008 . Most patients are cured when treated with an ACT if there is no resistance to the drug partner . It has been observed that P . falciparum genetic mutations that confer drug resistance are associated with altered biological fettle of the parasite .
As current therapeutics are increasingly ineffective and resistant , there ’ s an urgent need to develop and pursue new therapeutic strategies . Microtubules , which is the major molecule target for anticancer drugs development , are likely to be potent as antimalarial targets . In recent years , tubulin , the main protein of microtubules , has been recognized as the potential target for antimalarial drug and the selective inhibition of tubulin in parasites has been evaluated . P . falciparum has five single-copy tubulin genes , consisting of αI , αII , β , γ , and δ-tubulin . Microtubules are main components of the cytoskeleton found in almost all eukaryotic cells . They involved in the establishment and maintenance of the mitotic spindle that is essential for chromosome segregation during cell division .
Garlic is one of the edible plants which has generated a lot of interest throughout human history as a food seasoning and medicinal panacea . As we know , garlic is easy to be grown year-round in mild climates and that is why it can be easily found in East Asian , China is the largest producer of garlic . Analysis of steam distillations of crushed garlic cloves performed over a century ago showed a variety of allyl sulfides . The compound turned out to be an oxygenated sulfur compound which they termed allicin , from the Latin name of the garlic plant , Allium