COUNTRY IN FOCUS •
Image by Brice Brown | Unsplash
WHAT WILL IT TAKE TO UNLOCK MINING POTENTIAL IN WESTERN SAHARA ?
The Western Sahara region remains a highly contentious region and most unexplored , writes Dr Nicolaas C Steenkamp .
The vast expanse of the Western Sahara – on the Atlantic Ocean and dominated by the Sahara Desert – holds a unique position in North Africa . This region possesses a complex geological history , diverse geography and a contentious political climate . Beneath its arid surface lies a wealth of mineral resources , sparking speculation about the potential development of a mining sector . However , this potential is intricately intertwined with ongoing political conflict , raising crucial questions about feasibility and ethical considerations .
Geological setting Western Sahara ' s geological setting is dominated by the Precambrian cratonic rocks of the Reguibat Shield , an extensive area of ancient and stable continental crust . These ancient rocks are known to host a variety of valuable minerals , including phosphates , iron ore , manganese , and potentially elements like lithium and cobalt .
Phosphate deposits are perhaps the most well-known mineral resource in Western Sahara . These deposits are believed to have formed in shallow marine environments . They represent a significant portion of the world ' s known phosphate reserves , making Western Sahara a player of potential importance in the global fertilizer market .
Iron ore deposits are also present in Western Sahara , particularly in the banded iron formations of the Precambrian rocks . These deposits hold promise for the development of an iron ore mining industry , potentially contributing to the region ' s economic development .
There are indications of other likely valuable minerals . Limited historic exploration activities suggest the presence of manganese , copper and even hints of lithium and cobalt . While these deposits are less well-defined , they add another layer of complexity to the region ' s mineral wealth .
Landscape of contrasts The Western Sahara landscape consists of contrasting features . The majority of the region is dominated by the Sahara Desert , characterised by high day temperatures , scarce rainfall and wind-sculpted sand dunes known as ergs . The eastern portion of the territory transitions into a rocky plateau , the Hammada de Tindouf , while the western coastal areas are marked by low-lying plains and lagoons .
This varied terrain presents both opportunities and challenges for potential mining operations . The flat , arid plains might offer easier access for establishing mines and transporting materials . However , the harsh climate poses logistical difficulties , requiring significant investment in infrastructure and technology to ensure the viability of mining projects .
The Western Sahara experiences an extreme desert climate . Temperatures soar to scorching highs , often exceeding 45 ° C in the summer , while nights are cold , dropping below freezing in the winter months . Rainfall is scarce and erratic , averaging less than 100mm annually . This aridity presents a significant challenge for any exploration or mining endeavour . Water scarcity not only affects the viability of mining operations but also limits the potential for supporting settlements and infrastructure development .
www . africanmining . co . za African Mining Publication African Mining African Mining • March 2025 • 13