Adnormal Morphology of Bovine Spermatozoa-Tabla de Contenido | Page 3

5.1.12

The Decapitated Sperm Defect................................................. 236

5.1.13

Rolled Head-Nuclear Crest-Giant Head Syndrome

( RCGH)..................................................................................... 237

5.2

Midpiece Abnormalities........................................................................... 239

5.2.1

Distal Midpiece Reflexes( DMRs)............................................ 239

5.3

Mitochondrial Sheath Abnormalities; Segmental Aplasia,

Corkscrew Defect, Pseudodroplet Defect and Dag Defect.................

246

5.3.1

Segmental Aplasia..................................................................... 246

5.3.2

Corkscrew Defect...................................................................... 248

5.3.3

Pseudodroplet Defect................................................................ 250

5.3.4

The Dag Defect......................................................................... 252

5.4

Other Sperm Tail Abnormalities.............................................................. 258

5.4.1

Abaxial and Accessory Tails..................................................... 258

5.4.2

Tail Slump Defect..................................................................... 261

5.4.3

Detached Heads......................................................................... 262

5.4.4

Coiled Principal Pieces............................................................. 263

5.4.5

Short Tail Defect....................................................................... 263

5.5

Azoospermia / Oligospermia...................................................................... 264

5.5.1

Multinuclear-Multiflagellar Sperm Defect................................ 265

5.6

Sperm Agglutination and Antisperm Antibodies..................................... 266

5.7

Sperm Accumulation................................................................................ 269

References............................................................................................................ 271

6

Mechanisms of Development of Sperm Defects............................................... 281

6.1

Sperm Tail Defects................................................................................... 282

6.2

Sperm Head Defects................................................................................. 288

7

Assessing Bovine Male Fertility in a Technological Age................................. 297

7.1

Introduction.............................................................................................. 298

7.2

Physiological Biomarkers and the Use of Flow

Cytometry for Sperm Analysis................................................................. 298

7.2.1

Conventional Flow Cytometry.................................................. 298

7.2.2

Cellular Viability and Membrane Integrity............................... 300

7.2.3

DNA Integrity........................................................................... 300

7.2.4

Acrosome Integrity.................................................................... 303

7.2.5

Mitochondrial Function............................................................. 304

7.2.6

Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress...................

304

7.2.7

Sperm Motility.......................................................................... 305

7.2.8

Image-based Flow Cytometry................................................... 306

7.3

The use of“ Omics” in Bovine Fertility Screening................................... 308

7.3.1

Introduction to Omics............................................................... 308

7.3.2

Proteomic Biomarkers Associated with

Sperm Quality........................................................................... 309

7.3.3

Proteomic Biomarkers Reflecting Sperm

Capacitation Status and Acquisition of Fertilizing

Ability....................................................................................... 311