ASPECTS OF ASIA
而準確判斷客戶洗錢風險等級是“ 風險為本” 首要條件 。 銀行需 要從業務 、 行業 、 客戶特徵 、 地域等維度開展盡職調查, 得到充 分 、 完整 、 真實的客戶資訊, 作為分析基礎 。 除了客戶自身的信 息, 銀行還需要瞭解更多的資訊, 比如業務經營範圍 、 主要交易 對手 、 交易地區 、 交易幣種 、 交易規模 、 實際受益人 、 負面新聞 等 。 這些工作應當嵌入到客戶關係准入 、 維護等流程, 成為業務 日常管理內容之一 。 各業務單位要樹立全面風險管理意識, 不應 把反洗錢要求的對客戶 、 交易的調查, 與日常業務( 比如授信 、 貿易融資等) 過程中的客戶盡職調查相互獨立, 而應將洗錢風險 作為審視評估客戶和業務的維度之一, 與信用風險 、 市場風險 、 操作風險等業務管理措施逐步融合 。 然後, 後線風險管理人員才 能基於這些資訊, 運用專業工具去評估風險, 制定出更有針對性 的管控措施 。
( 二) 即時交易監控是重要方法
客戶的洗錢風險評級結果應當得到妥善應用, 其中之一就 是即時交易監控或限制 。 對於特定類型客戶或高風險客戶, 銀行 應當結合其風險特徵, 在業務系統中增加交易監控或限制安排, 例如對於頻繁存入現金的客戶增加需要強化盡職調查的提示, 對 於經分析存在異常跨境交易的客戶增加匯入或匯出匯款總額的限 制, 對於存在網路欺詐嫌疑的客戶限制其使用電子 、 第三方支 付等自助渠道, 等等 。 反洗錢早已不再簡單的是事後可疑交易報 告, 它要求銀行主動管理風險, 控制潛在風險的發生 。
AML is no longer just about reporting suspicious transactions after their occurrences; it requires banks to proactively manage risks and control the occurrence of potential risks by system functions further restricted banks’ capability to clearly document, demonstrate and accurately analyze risks associated with customer money laundering.
Accurately judging the risk level of customer money laundering is an important prerequisite for the“ risk-based” approach. Banks need to conduct due diligence on business operations, industries, customer characteristics and regions, in order to obtain adequate, complete and truthful customer information as the basis of analyses. In addition to information pertaining to customers themselves, banks also need to obtain more information, such as the scope of business operations, their major counterparties, transaction areas, transaction currencies, transaction scale, actual beneficiaries and negative news. These efforts should be embedded into the procedure for the establishment and maintenance of customer relationship, thus becoming part of daily business operation management routines. When trying to build up sweeping risk management awareness, business operation units are advised against separating the investigation on customers and transactions as required by AML from CDD during the course of routine business operations( such as credit granting and trade financing, etc.). Instead, they should consider the risk for money laundering as one of the angles for examining customers and business operations, while driving the gradual integration of various business operation management measures such as credit risks, market risks and operational risks. With these efforts in place, backline risk managers can utilize professional tools to assess the risks for money laundering and formulate specific control measures based on this information.
Monitoring real-time transactions is a key method
A customer money laundering risk rating should be properly applied. One of the applications is the monitoring of or restrictions on real-time transactions. With regard to specific types of customers or high-risk customers, banks should combine their risk characterization to increase monitoring or restriction measures in their business operation systems. For example, adding a prompt for enhanced due diligence on customers with frequent cash deposits; putting a limit on incoming and outgoing remittance for customers who have had unusual cross-border transactions according to analyses; restricting the use of self-help channels such as electronic and third-party payment by customers suspected of internet fraud, etc. AML is no longer just about reporting suspicious transactions after their occurrences; it requires banks to proactively manage risks and control the occurrence of potential risks.
Money laundering risk assessment on products is a necessary approach
Banks must assess the money laundering risks for various products, ensuring that the control measures for different products are appropriate and that existing risks are brought under control. Therefore, banks need to incorporate a money laundering risk assessment into their product management systems, in addition to building product risk heat maps, regular reexamination in conjunction with business conditions and the adjustment of assessment conclusions as needed. When competitors or other banks identify that a particular
84 ACAMS TODAY | SEPTEMBER – NOVEMBER 2017 | ACAMS. ORG | ACAMSTODAY. ORG