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k¥XnIfmbncp∂p. Ah¿°nSbn¬ am{Xambncp∂p bqWot^mw {]NmcØnep≠mbncp∂Xv . F¶nepw IΩyqWnÃv, tkmjyenÃv cmPyßƒ bqWot^mant\mSv hyXykvXamb kao]\ßfmWv kzoIcn®Xv. \mknÃv P¿a\nbpw ^mknÃv C‰enbpw bqWot^mans\ ]q¿Wambn \ncmIcn®p. F∂m¬ tkmhnb‰v djybpw a‰p bqtdm]y≥ IΩyqWnÃv cmPyßfpw bqWot^mant\mSv A\p`mh]q¿Æamb kao]\amWv kzoIcn®Xv. Ncn{Xw Cßs\sbms°bmsW¶nepw, B[p\nI kaqlØn¬ kvIqƒ bqWot^mw F∂Xv hnZym¿∞nIfpw kvIqƒ A[nImcnIfpambp≈ Hcp {]iv\ambnØs∂ \ne\n¬°p∂p≠v. c£nXm°ƒ IqSn Dƒs∏Sp∂ kmaqlnI ]cnI¬]\Iƒ F¥pXs∂bmbmepw h¿W∏In´ns‚ temItØ°v ImseSpØp sh°p∂ h n Z y m ¿ ∞ n I ƒ ° v h ¿ W c l n X h p w G I a m \ h p a m b hkv{X[mcWm{Iaw A{X s ] s ´ ∂ v Zln®psIm≈Wsa∂n√. F ¶ n e p w kvIqƒ˛bqWot^mans‚ \∑Isf \ncmIcn°p∂Xnepw A¿∞an√. Hcp hnZym¿∞n F∂ \nebn¬ kaqlØn¬ Ah≥/Ahƒ {i≤n°s∏Sphm\pw AhImißƒ t\SnsbSp°phm\pw F√mØn\pap]cn hnZym¿∞n kzXzsØ {]Imin∏n°phm\pw bqWot^mw Hcp A\pIqe LSIamWv . am{Xa√ kv I qfn\v ]pdØv \nc¥cw ]cnh¿Ø\ hnt[bambns°m≠ncn°p∂ AtcmNIamb ^mj≥ {`aßfpw A\mtcmKyIcamb InSa’cßfpw bqWot^maneqsS Hcp ]cn[nhsc XS™p \n¿Ømhp∂XmWv. hy‡nIfpsS ]pdwtamSnIƒ°∏pdØv AhcpsS [m¿anI \nehmcw IqSn a\ nem°m≥ CXv hnZym¿∞nIsf {]m]vXcm°p∂p. F√mØn\pap]cn Cfw a\ pIfn¬ 78 PmXn˛aX˛h¿§˛h¿Æ hnthN\ßfpsS IfIƒ \p≈n°f™v kaXzØnt‚bpw am\hnIXbptSbpw hnØv hnX°p∂Xnepw bqWot^mw hln°p∂ ]¶v \nkvXpeamWv. BXpc ip{iqjm˛cwKsØ Hgn®pIqSm\mhmØ km∂n≤yamWv \gv k pam¿. Xqsh≈ hkv { Xw [cn®v tcmKnIƒ°nSbneqsS Xeßpw hneßpw HmSn \S°p∂ ChcpsS BI¿jWob hkv{X[mcWØn\v ]n∂nse Ncn{Xhpw FSpØp ]dtb≠XmWv. 19˛mw \q‰m≠nemWv BZyambn \gvkpam¿°v Hcp GIoIrX bqWot^mw kwhn[m\w \nehn¬ hcp∂Xv. AXn\papºv \gvknßv kwhn[m\w \maam{Xambn D≠mbncps∂¶nepw kaqlØn¬ ÿm\ap≈tXm ÿncamb Hcp s{]m^jt\m Bbncp∂n√. 18˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ a[ytØmsS sImSpºncn sIm≠ {Ioanb≥ bp≤tØmsS \gvknMv taJe a n e n ‰ d n b n t e ° p w hym]n®tXmsS \gvknßv tPmen F∂Xv kpc£nXhpw sa®s∏´Xpamb sXmgn¬ taJebmbn amdn. 1860˛¬ e≠\nse sk‚ vtXmakv Bip]{Xnbnse \gvknßv ss{S\nMv kvIqfnemWv BZyambn bqWot^mw ]co£n°s∏´Xv. ^vtfmd≥kv ss\‰nMv tK¬ F∂ hy‡nbmWv CXn\v t\XrXzw \¬InbXv. 19˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ahkm\tØmsS \gvknßv bqWot^mw temIXeØn¬ kzoImcyamhpIbpw \gvknßv tPmen IqSpX¬ kpc£nXhpw kmºØnI ]cnc£bpw \¬Ip∂Xmbn amdn. BZyImeØv \gvknßv bqWot^mans‚ cq]w Xqsh≈ \ndØnep≈Xpw ImgvNbn¬ am\ysa∂v tXm∂n°p∂ tImftdmSp IqSnbp≈Xpw ssIIfpw apJhpsamgn®v _m°n icoc`mKßsfms°bpw adbp∂ XcØnep≈Xpambncp∂p. Ime{IaØn¬ hyXykvXamb cq]am‰ßƒ D≠msb¶nepw H∂mw temI almbp≤tØmsSbmWv \gvknßv bqWot^man\v ]pXnb hIt`Zßƒ hcp∂Xv. XpS¿∂v 1950˛ItfmsS IqSpX¬ BI¿jWobamb am‰ßƒ bqWot^man¬ kw`hn®p. 1960˛Ifn¬ bqtdm∏nep≠mb kmwkvImcnI am‰sØØpS¿∂v tImf¿ Xpd∂n´ IqSpX¬ BI¿jWobamb bqWot^mapIƒ {]Nmcw t\Sn. B[p\nI temIØv \gvknßv bqWnt^man\v hnhn[ hIt`Zßfp≠v. Xqsh≈ \ndamWv A[nI ÿeßfnepw kzoIcn®n´p≈sX¶nepw Atacn°, {_n´≥ XpSßn hnIknX cmPyßfn¬ a‰p h¿Wßfpw {]NmcØnep≠v . bqWot^mw Xs∂