Leonidas Anthopoulos and Panos Fitsilis
Case |
Started |
e‐Services |
Hull |
2000 |
e‐Government information and e‐services, GIS maps |
Trikala |
2003 |
Tele‐care services, Intelligent Transportation, Wireless broadband services |
Brisbane |
2004 |
e‐parking, e‐Government services, mobile services, e‐procurement services via national portal, virtual communities |
Malta |
2007 |
Smart grids |
Dubai |
1999 |
Media services, e‐Education, e‐commerce, Develops business services |
New Songdo |
2008 |
Intelligent Buildings, Ubiquitous computing, Local information( http:// www. songdo. com) |
Osaka |
2008 |
Tourist guides, Public information( http:// www. city. osaka. lg. jp), Guides for entrepreneurs( http:// www. investosaka. jp) |
|
Manhattan
Harbour, Kentucky
|
2010 |
Intelligent Buildings, Ubiquitous computing |
Masdar |
2008 |
Renewable resources and smart energy management |
Cape Town |
2000 |
Environmental services, tourist guides, intelligent transportation |
Knowledge based cities
3. Visualizing smart city evolution
1998 Broadband and telecommunications services, Online city guides, Public information
The above investigation identified the existence of various alternative smart city forms, with representative cases that concern large scale projects, most of which have been evolved for more than ten years. Additionally, these projects can be recognized as ongoing since they have redefined their scope and objectives, even more than once. Furthermore, this classification and analysis illustrates how the examined cases followed the alternative categories; it is determined which of them and when they changed to other smart city approaches and which of the approaches have been the most popular since the smart city introduction( Figure 1).
Figure 1: Smart city evolution
( Figure 1) illustrates that( a) knowledge bases appeared first and they updated to digital cities.( b) Broadband cities were next on the timeline and they mostly evolve to smart cities.( c) A relative evolution path is followed by the wireless cities.( d) Today, not all of the approaches are available, but the digital, smart, ubiquitous, ecocities and web cities. Additionally, the evolution path of each alternative approach can be observed. For instance, digital cities appeared in 1994, they are still active and today, they account twelve of the examined cases.
In order to answer the third question of this paper regarding smart city evolution roadmaps, technology roadmapping is used, which is a powerful and flexible technique that is widely used within industry to support strategic and long‐range planning( Phaal et al., 2003). Roadmapping provides structured means for exploring and communicating the relationships between technological resources, organizational objectives and the changing environment. Moreover, the path‐dependent roadmap( Li et al., 2009; Li and Wang, 2011) that is based on the technology roadmapping has been used to demonstrate several formula changes over time and to interpret how these changes depended on its own past.
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