Leonidas Anthopoulos and Panos Fitsilis
Digital City extends the above approaches and older ones ( Moon , 2002 ) and describes a “ mesh ” metropolitan environment that interconnects virtual and physical spaces in order to deal with local challenges . Anthopoulos and Tsoukalas ( 2006 ) define the digital city as the “ ICT‐based environment whose priorities concern a ) the ICT contribution to local needs and transactions , b ) the transformation of the local community to a local information society , c ) the direct and indirect , official and unofficial information collection , in order to support the sustainable development of the local community ”. This approach has been followed by various cities such as Hull ( UK ), Cape Town ( South Africa ), Tampere ( Finland ) and Trikala ( Greece ).
Smart City approach was described above and is currently fully applicable in Dubai , where the “ media city ” ( www . dubaimediacity . com ) and the “ internet city ” ( www . dubaiinternetcity . com ) offer broadband and media infrastructures to the enterprises . Other smart city representatives are Barcelona , Austin ( USA ), Tampere ( Finland ) and European cities ( http :// smart‐cities . eu , http :// www . smartcities . info ), which recognize several dimensions of intelligence to which the ICT can contribute : economy ( Smart Economy ), education ( Smart People ), governance ( Smart Governance ), transportation ( Smart Mobility ), sustainability ( Smart Environment ) and everyday life ( Smart Living ). Various ICT vendors ( e . g ., IBM , Microsoft , Hitachi and Oracle ) have implemented commercial solutions for the smart city approach .
Ubiquitous City ( u‐City ) concerns the result of broadband costs ’ minimization and commercialization of largescale information systems , cloud services and ubiquitous computing in urban spaces . U‐city has representatives New Songdo ( Hyang‐Sook et al ., 2007 ) ( South Korea ), Manhattan Harbour and Kentucky ( U . S . A .), Masdar city ( Abu Dhabi ) and Osaka ( Japan ), where information is accessible anytime , from everywhere by anybody via ubiquitous ICT . In many cases ( i . e ., in South Korea and Abu Dhabi ) this approach is accompanied with the construction of new urban spaces where pervasive computing will is included from the scratch in buildings .
Finally , the Eco‐city or Green City approach capitalizes the ICT for sustainable growth and for ecological protection . ICT sensors for environmental measurement and for buildings ’ energy capacity ’ s evaluation ; smart grids produce energy for inhabitants ’ consumption ; encourage smart solutions for renewable energy production are only some of the eco‐city services . This approach has been followed by New Songdo and Dongtan ( South Korea ), Tianjin ( Singapore ) and Masdar ( Abu Dhabi ), while it is being followed by others ( i . e ., Amsterdam ).
Except from the above approaches , various cities joined networks of common interests to provide with intelligence their urban spaces or to structure virtual teams of collaborative people . Eurocities network ( http :// www . eurocities . org ), Intelligent Communities ( www . intelligentcommunity . org ), the World Foundation of Smart Communities ( http :// www . smartcommunities . org ) and Community Networks ( e . g . the Seattle Community Network ( http :// www . scn . org )) are representative cases .
Table 1 : The classification and current status of various smart cities Approach
Cases : Started – Current Condition
Virtual City America‐On‐Line ( AOL ) Cities ( 1997‐ today ) Today : City Guides for U . S . cities http :// www . citysbest . com Kyoto , Japan ( 1996‐2001 ) Web prototype finished its experiments by September 2001 http :// www . digitalcity . gr . jp Bristol , U . K . ( 1997‐ today ) http :// www . digitalbristol . org / Amsterdam ( 1997‐ today ) It evolved to other approaches ( broadband , smart , eco‐city ) http :// www . amsterdamsmartcity . com
Knowledge Bases Copenhagen Base ( 1989‐ today ) Today it operates as a city portal http :// www . kk . dk and Copenhagen evolved to Eco‐City Craigmillar Community Information Service , Scotland ( 1994‐ today ) It operates as a community portal http :// www . s1craigmillar . com Blacksburg Knowledge Democracy , Australia ( 2001‐ today ) It evolved to the digital city approach
Broadband City / Seoul , S . Korea ( 1997‐ today ) Broadband Evolves with 84 % broadband penetration , it is expected to reach 1GB web connections by 2012 , Metropolis and it provides with Wi‐Fi access its public buildings ( Engadget , 2011 ) Beijing , China ( 1999‐ today ) It has been evolved to digital city , which focused on buildings of the Olympic Games 2008
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