Anna Sołtysik‐Piorunkiewicz and Janina Banasikowska
• Great Britain – e‐Government Interoperability Framework( e‐GIF),
• Germany ‐ Standards und Architekturen für E‐Government‐Anwendungen( SAGA),
• Denmark – OIO Kataloget,
• France ‐ Le cadre commun d ' interoperabilite des systemes d ' information publics( CCI),
• The Netherland ‐ Catalogus voor de Nederlandse overheid van Open Standaarden( CANOS).
3. Genesis of building ubiquitous systems for e‐Government
The aim of ubiquitous information systems and communication systems is to ensure reliable computer solutions and communication services at any time and in any place. This means that there is a need for an interdisciplinary field of scientific research and development which combines signal processing by means of hardware and software information technologies, and uses and combines ubiquitous, wireless, embedded, portable and / or mobile systems. The applications of the above mentioned systems include from environment monitoring to ubiquitous multimedia, multidimensional signal processing, sensors, robotics, integrated communication systems and nanotechnologies.
The importance of ubiquitous systems can be shown, among other things, by the fact that on 24‐26 February, 2012 the second international conference took place in Rome on ubiquitous and embedded information systems and communication systems. The conference gathered a lot of scientists, engineers and practitioners interested in the theory and applications in the fields related to ubiquitous and embedded information systems. The topics of the discussions included mobile and ubiquitous information systems, digital signal processing and designing of embedded systems.
Another scientific event connected with the subject of ubiquitous systems were the second workshops on Comprehensibility and control in ubiquitous computer systems that were held on 18 June 2012 in Newcastle, Great Britain. Due to a proactive and complex behaviour of ubiquitous information environments, it is important for these systems to be comprehensible( or able to be comprehended) so that also the users could understand „ what the system knows, how it learned it and what it is doing”. Ubiquitous systems should give end users a full control through ensuring them a better coordination, control and individualisation of application. Comprehensibility and control are of key importance in improving the usability of these new and possibly unintuitive systems and helping users to understand, appreciate, trust and finally accept and use them.
4. Implementation of e‐services in e‐Government ubiquitous systems in Poland
The fast technological development and widespread computerization affect all the areas of human life, state administration and business. Especially important are ubiquitous systems in public administration in delivering online administration services in the relations: Government – to – Government( G2G) – public institutions to other public institutions; Government – to – Citizen( G2C) – public institutions to citizens, society and consumers; Citizen – to – Government( C2G) – citizens and consumers to public institutions; Government – to – Business( G2B) – public institutions to private enterprises; Business – to – Government( B2G) – private enterprises to public institutions.
Among the services delivered online by public administration we can distinguish 20 basic services that are recommended by the European Union and taken into account in the assessment of the level of development of electronic administration and local services delivered by local authorities. The basic services are divided into 12 services for natural persons and 8 services for legal persons.
An average stage of the development of services for natural persons in Poland is presented in table 1.
Only one service is 100 % delivered online. In the case of 5 services, you can download from the website of the relevant office an application to be filled in and usually, due to statutory requirements, submitted in person in the relevant office. In the case of the other 6 services, at the website of the relevant office you can read information about the way a given service can be received. Natural persons show little interest in attending to matters online, because most services require an electronic signature, and in consequence the stage of the development of these services remains at a low level.
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