Mariagrazia Fugini, Piercarlo Maggiolini and Ramon Salvador Valles
By ignoring this model, the risk is to disregard a notable part of the information flow, which is relevant also for the government of the collectivity. In this context, the fundamental role of Civic Networks in the various forms of e‐Democracy and e‐Participation should be analyzed deeply, especially concerning of the use of Web 2.0 and social networks.
For the job marketplace, in some Countries, such as Italy, the relationships and the connected information exchanges of“ clanic” type are evident, in particular for highly qualified or managerial jobs. Hence, we can suppose that social networks of professional type( such as Linkedin) will increasingly play a role. High attention must be given to e‐Reputation and to risk of manipulation that can possibly bias it.
3.5 Wrap up
In Table 2, we map the illustrated categories of models onto the various types of E‐Government functions which can be achieved.
Table 2: Models of PA and related types of e‐Government functions
PA Models Bureaucratic Social
Political
Clan
Types of E‐Government e‐Administration e‐( Public) Services
e‐Governance e‐Democracy e‐Democracy
Many issues obstacle the diffusion of e‐Government. Considering the PA models and their needs for adequate IS support as described so far, we now examine the reasons why ICT is still supporting government activities only to a limited extent. Besides the lack of political wills, there are some objective difficulties. The main difficulty in the realization of hypo‐integrated IS ‐and true e‐Government belongs to this typology‐( e. g., territorial and socio‐economic IS, but also systems supporting the governance of labor markets) stands in that information on the several elements of a community, which means socioeconomic and institutional operators, is minimally owned by Public Organizations. In fact, information belongs to the whole in a scattered way, since it is disseminated and distributed on the territory. Consequently, knowledge is fragmented and is held by single social units. Under which conditions is it possible that single social units share their knowledge within the PA context? According to our approach, this is possible only if information suppliers are, directly or indirectly, involved in the information flow either as users or as simple beneficiaries of its exchange.
Presumably, this is the reason why the Italian System in Lombardy Borsa Lavoro Lombardia( Fugini 2009) was designed to ground its success on sophisticated coopetition systems, and this is also the reason why it failed. An analysis of Borsa Lavoro Lombardia as a twin of the Spanish / Catalan system is given in e. g.( Fugini 2012) and is not discussed any further in this paper.
4. Concepts at work in the job marketplace: The SOC system
Much has been done in terms of policies and systems for unemployment prevention through information systems, particularly in EU Countries.
• In Italy, our experience regards Borsa Lavoro Lombardia and the National System, which have been studied wrt their integration with other EU Countries via EURES( Fugini 2009).
• At the strategic level of policies,( Copeland, P. and ter Haar B. 2013) gives a critical overview about the European Employment Strategies as a governance tool, analyzing the policy measures of the Member States with regard to the commonly agreed guidelines and the country‐specific recommendations of the Council.
• The European Job Mobility Portal or EURES( eures. europa. eu /) is the EU basic tool dedicated to employment. The purpose of EURES is“ to provide information and e‐services for the benefit of jobseekers interested in finding a job abroad, employers interested in finding candidates from other countries as well as any citizen wishing to benefit from the principle of the free movement of persons.” However, the critical point for this platform is data storing and its structure and accessibility. Up to now, it is clear that there is a database for jobseekers which includes their personal information and a CV. The search engine of EURES is connected to the national databases of contracting countries and to a local database of EURES which is
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