Mariagrazia Fugini, Piercarlo Maggiolini and Ramon Salvador Valles
In the job marketplace, the priority given to ICT support to mandatory communications about work contracts by enterprises to the various public entities( e. g. pension registries) is a clear clue that we are within the logic of the bureaucratic model.
3.2 Social model
This regards the Administration as an organization, providing( directly or indirectly) services to citizens. Information technologies are used to perform these services more effectively. In this sense, the target is to move from a PA system( devoted to register juridical facts and execute administrative acts) to a system accomplishing the various needs of the citizenship. Being able to manage public services for the collectivity is of primary importance. Therefore, most ICT interventions for automation consider educational and school registries, health registries, or lists of users of social services. The implementation of new information services based on ICT adheres to this view: Public Organizations create special services to inform the community about service availability, about economic, cultural, or sport initiatives taking place in the territory of competence. Up to now, what is called e‐Government is often included in this model of PA and relates to its use of ICT. For sure, ICT as a support to service provisioning, for instance services of job offers / requests matching, or as a support to an effective / efficient functioning of the job marketplace, is fully part of the logic of the social model.
3.3 Political model
According to this Model, PA are qualified as organizations of political government, that is, as the center of socio‐economical and territorial planning and governance. The specific nature of the PA as a public entity for political government emerges straightly. We consider the concept of Municipalities, Provinces, Regions, or Nations not in terms of Organizations, but rather as Territorial Areas and Collectivities. Usually, PAs are conceived defined entities with juridical orientations and regulations with their workforce, organizational structure, customers and users. Besides, they represent a part of a complex social and territorial system whose elements are citizens and socio‐economic units acting in the administered collectivity. ICT, in this framework, is helpful for:
• governing and controlling political and socio‐economic events, creating a qualified information‐based network supporting the government activity and planning( in this view, the term e‐Government is appropriate);
• favoring the relationships between the Government( in its many institutional forms) and citizens( single and in associations), allowing their participation in, and control of, government interventions( in this case, it is more appropriate to use e‐Democracy).
The literature about e‐Participation and e‐Democracy is wide. A survey is given in( Coleman and Blumler 2009); some experiences in Italy are presented in( De Cindio and Peraboni 2011) and( De Cindio 2012).
From the job marketplace viewpoint, statistical systems, reviews, interviews, and observatories on employment feed the knowledge on the marketplace, support the set of employment policies and the verification of their effectiveness. Hence, such systems are a relevant tool supporting a political approach to the job marketplace.
3.4 Clan model
Finally, we cannot exclude that somehow the view of the Administration as a“ clan” coexists with other visions. However, also the“ clan” dimension is fundamental in the relationships based on trust between electors and elected( representatives and represented). Often,“ clan” assumes a negative connotation. We go beyond this perspective since we evidence a specific mode of exchanging information in a social system, as in clan organizations. " Party‐cracy "( the occupation of PA by parties), " lobbing " and " favoritism groups " represent the degenerated aspects of such model. However, whenever we face a democratic relationship based on trust involving citizens and representatives, we face a clan logic. Clan‐based operation is present in most social systems. Anyway, where such organizational form is privileged, impacts exist also on the way IS are interpreted and created. Information exchange and personal relationships are informal, as they involve elective organizations. The information exchange will be informal also between these entities and the bureaucratic structure, between public administrators and citizens( electors), perhaps through parties, associations, pressing groups, etc.
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