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be applied to high-performance students for
it is more complex and requires deeper think-
ing analysis to organize the numerous dif-
ferent categories. Yet teachers without this
concept will ask primary students to create a
mind map and fail eventually; what’s more,
some even lack the concept of using differ-
ent colors to represent different categories.
Same problem appears for the group work
like the Jigsaw groups or expert groups.
When someone becomes too dominant in
a group, critical thinking cannot be imple-
mented effectively. On the other hand, free
rider problem is also an issue that frustrates
every student. In group projects, you can
always find someone who do not partici-
pate to the best of their abilities and the out-
comes of cooperative learning are often dis-
appointing for both instructor and students.
Fortunately enough, all of these problems
are resolvable and here are some tips for
frustrating teachers.
be dominated by the loudest voice or by
the student who talks the longest. Hence,
it was insisted that every group member
must be given an opportunity to contrib-
ute his or her ideas by forming the group
in the right size and selection. According to
Rau and Heyl (1990) , smaller groups (of
three) contain less diversity; and may lack
divergent thinking styles and varied exper-
tise that help to animate collective decision
making. Conversely, in larger groups it is
difficult to ensure that all members partici-
pate. Hence, it is better to use a group size
of four in order to make sure everyone par-
ticipate in the discussion. Give shy students
a chance to speak and train dominant stu-
dents to learn the importance of listening
opinions from others. As a consequence, stu-
dents will quickly realize that the group runs
more effectively if each student is allowed
to present his or her comments.
First is to deal with the characteristics of
students’ learning styles.If tasks are too
complex and difficult, teachers can assign
different roles to students within a group,
like spokesperson, questioner, checker, or
organizer. It is useful to appoint students to
take turns being the discussion leader for
each session in each group. As experience
reveals, group decision- making can easily
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