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the Loi Malraux to protect and preserve historical areas in the city, preventing the urban emptiness
phenomenon and urban decline in urban areas, and thus seeking new alternatives of demolition and
deconstruction methods.
Since the 1970s, with the growing awareness of the importance of comprehensive regeneration
method in the social sectors as a whole, such as culture, education, transportation and economic
revitalization, and the importance of residential community participation, the French government
established the ANAH, and implemented a government‐driven restoration project of real estate (OGRI)
in 1973 [2]. In this period, public support started to expand, and in 1977, the OPAH was established,
and the Housing and Social Life Project (Habitat vie et sociale, HVS) for low‐income social dwellings,
and the Urban Management Fund (Fonds d’amenagement urbain, FAU) have been executed [3].
Since the 1990s, the urban policy has been established for the regeneration of areas designated as
vulnerable urban zone (Zones urbaines sensibles, ZUS) to promote a comprehensive urban
environment improvement through public support. In 1991, the City Basic Law (loi dʹorientatuin pour
la ville, hereinafter LOV law) implemented a large‐scale urban redevelopment project (grand project
des villes, GPV) to prevent social segregation and promote a social participation of low‐income people
[4].
Since 2000, since the measures of sustainable urban regeneration and climate change, have been
determined as the principal director at the national level, the ʹDirection and Program Law for City and
Urban regeneration) (Loi d’orientation et de programmation pour la ville et la renovation urbaine, loi
Borlii) was enacted. In addition, for the ZUS, the large‐scale PNRU and the PNRQAD were launched,
and in 2014, the National State Urban Regeneration Project, which complemented the PNRU was
established so that French urban regeneration project seeks to transform itself into a sustainable city
that integrates physical housing reconstruction and social equilibrium [5].
2.1. Public support policy of small‐scale housing redevelopment in France
The French residential improvement project is divided into a way that preserves the historicity and
identity of the region through a remodeling method that avoids the problems of a redevelopment
project with full demolition type and can preserve cultural heritage. In order to promote various types
of regeneration projects with diversified characteristics, differentiated financial support is established,
and sustainability has been increasing through integrated support for environmental, cultural and
social as well as physical improvement. In particular, the beginning of the OPHA in 1977 was the
motivation to institutionalize the economic and policy support of the public for underdeveloped
private houses inside and outside cities. In addition to the ZUS, the importance of the urban renewal
projects of the underdeveloped areas built before the 1960s emerged importantly, and in 2009, the
PNRQAD was enacted. In order to address urban, social and environmental issues from a holistic view,
the indicator for the provisional deterioration level of private residence (Parc Prive Potentiellement
Indigne, PPPI) has been introduced, and it is shown as the form of a comprehensive regeneration
project in considering the social, cultural, historical aspects [6‐8].
In order to enhance the understanding of Franceʹs regeneration policy and small‐scale housing
redevelopment projects, the understanding of main characteristics through the introduction
background and transition process of the OPAH, the N‐PNRU, and the PNRQAD.
2.2. The characteristics of the Residential Environment Improvement Project (OPHA)
The OPAH is a project that developed OGRI further in 1973 and aims to improve living
environments in and outside cities and through public support policies to improve private homes in
defective environment districts. Ultimately, in order to improve the living conditions of the residents,
it is the principle to finish the project within 3 years by improving housing performance, public health,
energy saving, incentive support for rental housing contract, and maintenance of surrounding facilities.
The feature differentiated from the existing business is that it is carried out through subsidies from the
A Study on the Support System for Small-scale Housing Redevelopment Projects in France
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