ZEMCH 2019 International Conference Proceedings April.2020 | Page 193
1.
Historical background
1.1 “Open Door and Reform” and the economic boom
China has always been an agrarian village‐based society, with most of its population based in rural
areas. Historically, due to the limited opportunities and difficulty in communication and transportation,
most rural residents stayed confined to rural areas where generations subsided off from farming or
harvesting. Since the formation of the modern People’s Republic of China, rural development has been
at the heart of the government economic policy. It was not until 1978, when the Chinese government
implemented the “socialist economic reform,” that more urban‐based entrepreneurs could start their
own business, and foreign companies were able to enter the Chinese market [1]. This reform is now
also known as “the opening of China.” Rapid urban development began as a result of the
unprecedented market opening and resulted in a further economic boom in cities.
Consequently, a rapid urbanisation process started to happen in China. Factories, companies, and
all sorts of opportunities started to appear in cities, and everyone wanted to have a share of the stake.
Not only were there increased job opportunities, but also significant metropolitan developments such
as schools and hospitals that brought more people into the city[2].
Two main phenomena occurred as a result of the shift towards an urban‐centred economy. First,
China experienced a rapid urbanisation process that required much rural land to be converted quickly
for urban development. Second was the emergence of “floating population,” direct translation from
Chinese, which refers to people who remained working/living in cities despite not being registered
with an urban household registration [3]. In 2000 (the fourth census in China), rural resident to city
resident ratio was 1:1.76. In 2010 (the sixth census in China), rural resident to city resident ratio was
1:1.01. While in 2000, the Chinese census showed 807 million rural residents (63.14% of the total
population in 2010), 133 million people had left rural areas and moved to cities by the time of the most
recent census in 2010. The percentage of rural residents in 2010 was 50.32%, which accounted for 674
million people[4]. The majority of this “floating population” are migrant workers, who are household‐
registered as rural residents. These two phenomena were the foundation of the occurrence of urban
villages. In other words, urban villages were formed during the urbanisation process and were mainly
occupied by the influx of migrant workers from rural China.
During the process of urbanisation, the government bought most of the farmland around what are
now major cities in order to build new developments, whether it was commercial or residential.
However, during this process, a lot of this acquired land ownership was difficult to transfer from rural
collective to usable urban land (not for farming use)[5](p. 27). As these land issues remained unresolved,
cities kept expanding. Hence, some of these contested former‐farm areas became located at the centre
of these cities. Their residents subsequently began to develop blocks of rural owned land into their own
communities, independent of government or private developers. Although according to “Chinese Land
Regulatory Law” (tu di guan li fa), all lands belongs to the nation, in tradition, rural lands are often
seeming as inheritable and belongs to different collectives. So, these rural landowners until today still
view the ownership as collectively owned by themselves. This issue remains unclarified until today.
Because of this perception, these “urban villages” are developed by these collectives without authorised
urban planning from the rest of their respective cities [5](p. 27). While the rest of the city was developed
into residential blocks, gated communities, commercial or community centres, urban villages are
recognised as a unique type of settlement. The name cheng zhong cun (translated as the urban village)
was bestowed upon these areas, due to their unique rural development background and city‐centre
locations.
Understanding Urban Villages in China with Three Case Studies in Guangzhou
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