ZEMCH 2019 International Conference Proceedings April.2020 | Page 195
2.2 Land history of urban Guangzhou
Under the framework of Chinese governmental policies, Guangzhou as a major Chinese city has
its own policies on land use. Li and Huang argue that similarly to many other Chinese cities, there are
three direct causes underlying Guangzhouʹs urban village development: urbanisation, dual land
system, and the great migrant worker flow[5](p. 22). On top of the similar formation foundation of
urban villages all around China, Li and Huang explained the urban village development history of
Guangzhou, which has a few other unique factors coming into play. These are outlined in the following
timeline.
In 1956, the “socialist reform” divided land into two systems. City land became all state‐owned,
and rural land was owned by collectives of rural citizens. During the urbanisation process of
Guangzhou, many rural lands (collective owned) were expropriated by the state and transformed into
all kinds of commercial and residential development. However, since rural residents collectively
owned rural land, some expropriation did not go as smooth as the state had hoped. Compensation
negotiation could, and often did, last for years. This matter was further complicated in Guangzhou due
to a local policy called the “reserved land policy.” This policy was designed to help the state obtain the
land smoothly from the collective, by stipulating that a certain percentage of the expropriated lands
must be returned to their original collective owners[5](p. 22).
This policy worked well into the 1990s, but since the structural economic reform and increase of
unemployment rate have continued to rise, the local government has struggled to find replacement
residences in Guangzhou for these farmers (who will lose their source of income after expropriation).
Additionally, the government was not able to pay the farmers with the market land price at the time.
So, in order to compensate the collectives, some former village land remained collectively owned and
was joined by some “reserved land” that was returned to the farmers after governmental buy off. These
land deals formed the basis for urban villages in Guangzhou. Whether it was left‐over land or reserved
land that was returned to the farmers, these farmers extended the frames of their old houses and
constructed new buildings on‐site as they wished. The development went without urban planning
regulations to meet the huge market demand and value. Along with the ʺpearl river delta development
strategy[2].ʺ and subsequent economic boom, more and more migrant workers become the residents of
these urban villages, as they face the constraints of applying for social housing developments or cannot
afford to live in other rental properties in city centres.
3. Comparison between three urban villages in Guangzhou
A comparative study was conducted on three urban villages in China, namely Shipai, Tangxia,
and Xiancun. The study aims to help readers to understand urban villages in depth with examples in
Guangzhou on top of the formation process and policies. Shipai, Tangxia, and Xiancun are all in Tianhe
district, which is a central district with financial, governmental, and educational major developments.
Figure 1 shows the location and surrounding context of the three urban villages (Figure 1).
Understanding Urban Villages in China with Three Case Studies in Guangzhou
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