of a post-occupancy evaluation( POE) on an existing housing complex, the application of target-costing principles, workshops with experts, among others. The product design process has undergone in the past decade a conceptual and organizational change: from an individual and poorly organized activity to a systematic activity carried out by a multidisciplinary team( Kleinsmann 2006). This totally new approach of the product development is called Integrated Design( Cooper; Kleinschmidt 1994). The collaboration has been identified both in scientific research concerned with the management of the design as well as by important companies in the sector, as a means of promoting the development of integrated product design processes( Valkenburg and Dorst, 1998). The complexity and iteration of different disciplines make the commitment of designers and other professionals involved, fundamental. The complexity and uncertainty of design problems make collaboration an important element in the thinking of the projects. The collaborative design process facilitates the integration of a product projects because it aims:( 01) the creation and integration of knowledge among participants from different disciplines and functions( 02) the communication between participants on both the content and the design process, and( 03) promotes a shared understanding of the content and the design process( Kleinsmann 2006). We sought in this work to implement a collaborative process for developing the ZEMCH housing design, in which we seek to integrate fundamentally two concepts: customization in mass production and maximum energy efficiency.
2.2 Target Costing In the last 30 years, Japanese companies have developed profit management strategies, from the principles of Value Engineering. Ansari, Bell and Target Cost Core Group( 1997 cited Nicolini et al 2000) define Target Costing( TC), as a“ planning system of profit and cost” focused on the final price, on the client, on the design and its functionality One of the main feature of TC is its application from the earliest stages of product design. There are different approaches to the definition of Target-Cost. Cokins( 2002), for example, defines it as a cost-modeling technique that identifies the price that consumers are willing to pay for a product, to then determine profit margins and allowable costs. It is applied early in the product life cycle during the phase of concept and design. Similarly, Monden( 1999) defines Target-Cost as a system that incorporates the profit management during the product development stage, which, in general, needs to achieve the goals of reducing the cost of new products, ensuring the required profit and meeting the quality levels demanded by the market while motivating the entire chain to achieve the profit target in the development of new products, making the target cost a profit management activity. Ansari( 1997) refers to Target Costing as a profit and cost planning system. From this point of view, the product development process is preceded by determining the target cost, which is based on reference data from the market and the knowledge of the desired product to make possible to assign costs to its functions and components. For Gaiser( 1997), the concept of target costing involves the same components of the traditional management cost: cost of the product, final price and profit. However, the Target-cost focuses on the price the consumer is willing to pay, and from an acceptable profit margin, one works in the opposite direction, seeking an acceptable cost. Simply put, more resources will be invested in the attributes most valued by the end customer. This strategy is therefore oriented to the market, i. e. in the customer expectations and LIH payment willingness. The Civil Construction is associated, worldwide, to high levels of waste of the most different kinds, which result in unnecessary costs, i. e. costs that are not associated with any function that represents value to the user. The elimination of these costs is the Target-cost goal. Recent studies indicate that although it is a very specific scenario, there are opportunities for application of the Target-costing concepts to the production of social low-cost housing as a way of reducing costs
546 ZEMCH 2015 | International Conference | Bari- Lecce, Italy