sia. Recent reports state that 40 to 55 % of Indonesia’ s timber is collected illegally from protected areas. In 1960s, around 82 percent of Indonesia was forested, however, with deforestation taking place as the country starts to develop; forest cover reduces to 52 %. Following the deforestation rate, it is expected that by 2022, 98 % of lowland forests will be demolished( Fig. 4).
4. Causes and Challenges
Development and economy of Indonesia was under pressure to adapt strategic politics related to the wealth of the country and the preservation of the islands natural resources, especially with the raise of population density during 1970s and 1980s and other natural disasters like soil erosion, floods and other concerns. The main challenge facing Indonesia is the increasing pressure of population demand associating with inadequate environmental management that affects the economy and the underprivileged communities in Indonesia.
Furthermore, the rules to protect natural resources and environmental policies was inadequately implemented, this could be due to the common ideology of preferring income increase; by expanding the urban cities and produced capital. Another challenge is to reduce the footprint of the country and green house gas effect, by taking serious steps and applying penalty on those who commend violations against environmental law, such as illegal logging.
Although some of the environmental disasters are done by nature such as earthquake, flood and volcano, nonetheless human activities have a role in causing these hazards. World Bank estimated the CO2 emissions in Indonesia( metric tons per capita = 1.8) in 2012, as a result, Indonesia is a large greenhouse gas emitter, 80 percent of sources are from deforestation, logging and forest fires. As such, other natural disasters accrue; soil erosion, river-bed siltation, water pollution caused by agricultural pesticides, off-shore oil drilling, marine pollution caused by plant fertilizers, Air pollution caused by forest fires and industrial outcome.
5. Sustainability Package for Population Growth in Indonesia
Three power capitals measure the wealth of a nation:( 1) The produced capital;( 2) The natural capital;( 3) The intangible capital. The sustainable package presents solutions that address the major problems of population growth in Indonesia. This section will elaborate in details on demographic transition, food security and sustainable stewardship. However, the focus will be on sustainable stewardship, promoting recourse management and control the consumption pattern.
Demographic Transition Demographic transition is referred to the transition of human population from high fertility rates and high death rates to the condition of a low birth rate and low death rate. This transition may accrue under the influence of economic or social development, developed countries( Fig. 3). Demonstrates the demography transition chart in developed and developing countries, it is evident that in developed countries birth rates and death rates decline together resulting in a low stable rate. On the contrary, in the developing countries both rates are in a constant high speed( level) until mid 1900s, where birth rates decline as a result of medical breakthrough, while birth rate remained high resulting in rapid population growth.
392 ZEMCH 2015 | International Conference | Bari- Lecce, Italy