reviewed properly. Some of unplanted sites in afforestation areas should be reserved in order to produce the diversity of the natural habitat.
GHG and CO 2
Emissions Reduction
This solution can be achieved by applying more than one strategy. These strategies could be:
• Using renewable energy and stop burning fossil fuels will reduce these emissions as mentioned above.
• Carbon tax: it’ s a well-known instrument and can be applied within the existing administrative system. It considered cheaper than the emission trading system. The taxes are differentiate according to the GHG taxed, the size of the tax and the exceptions and concessions that provided for the large energy production stakeholders. High taxes are associated with the energy production from burning polluted fossil fuels( in term of greenhouse gases) while lower taxes for less polluted fossil fuels( Diesendorf 2007; Spaulding et al. 2008).
• Emission trading: this way is much complex than the carbon taxes. It works to set standards for the allowable amount of emission. It can give special permissions for the some producers to emit specific amount. The allowable amount of emission should not obstruct the target of GHG emission reduction. It allow in trading the permits. This can be done by when some of entrants can decrease their emissions at lower cost than others. So, they have the ability to sell their permits for other entrants that decrease their emissions at higher cost( Diesendorf 2007).
• Life cycle analysis( LCA): specific programs and methods used to measure the environmental performance for a building or product. It improve the construction steps and methods in order to achieve less carbon footprint e. g. using replacing some materials with other that has less carbon emission. Moreover, LCA used to measure the environmental performance for specific material or product which also helps to define the amount of emissions. Specifying the LCA for the materials that used in the building will reduce the emissions and increase the efficiency of the building.
Municipal Solid Waste( MSW) and Construction Waste Management Beside the strategies that already implemented in Turkey regarding the MSW, additional practices should be accomplished in order to minimize the waste generation. Waste reduction and recycling are the main strategies to reduce the MSW. Waste reduction could be done by increasing the durability and the life cycle of the product in order to resale it again. Thus, it could be done by composting. The use of internet has a significant impact on the use of the papers. MSW could be recycled if have the incentives and the support from the government. Economics of recycling should be considered before the recycling process occurs. This can be achieved by studying the energy cost of recycling product vs. landfill disposal. Thus, the energy cost of producing a new product from recycled one vs. producing new product from the scratch. Moreover, the health effect cost should be considered.
Social Awareness Peoples’ awareness of environmental problems and the risks that associate with them is the first step toward sustainability. They have to understand the causes behind sustainability e. g. why we have to reduce the carbon and GHG emissions and why we have to reduce the green land degradation, etc. Therefore, when they understand these issues, they will convinced and have the motivation to change their behaviour. Changing in their behaviour will strongly affect in achieving the solutions because most of environmental problems are caused by the humans. Internal motivation of the individuals is important because it will take long term to behave sustainably. Social milieu should be helpful and encourage people to change their way toward sustainability. It may differ from one to another because of the way of thinking( Werner 1999).
132 ZEMCH 2015 | International Conference | Bari- Lecce, Italy