Young Children Volume 80 • No 2 | Page 25

It is our kuleana( responsibility) to provide children with early literacy opportunities that are culturally appropriate, developmentally appropriate, and accessible— even when working on foundational skills such as alphabet knowledge. We have the power to choose materials that make sense for the children and families we serve.
About the Authors
Colleen E. Whittingham, PhD, is a clinical assistant professor at Loyola University Chicago. Her teaching, research, and consulting work investigate justice-centered practices that foster young children’ s literate lives. cwhitti @ luc. edu
Germaine K. Tauati, MAEd, is the early literacy program director with INPEACE( Institute for Native Pacific Education and Culture) in Hilo, Hawai‘ i. She specializes in cultural-based education and is an experienced trainer, mentor coach, and former early education teacher. germainet @ inpeace. org
References
Arreguín-Anderson, M. G., I. Alanís, & I. S. Gonzalez. 2016.“ Using Acorns to Generate an Entire Alphabet! Nature Walks Empower Young Bilingual Learners.” Science and Children 53( 6): 76 – 81.
Au, K. H. P., & J. M. Mason. 1981.“ Social Organizational Factors in Learning to Read: The Balance of Rights Hypothesis.” Reading Research Quarterly 17( 1): 115 – 52.
Au, K. H. P., & J. M. Mason. 1983.“ Cultural Congruence in Classroom Participation Structures: Achieving a Balance of Rights.” Discourse Processes 6( 2): 145 – 67.
Bishop, R. S. 1990.“ Windows and Mirrors: Children’ s Books and Parallel Cultures.” In California State University, San Bernadino Reading Conference: 14th Annual Conference Proceedings, eds. M. Atwell & A. Klein. files. eric. ed. gov / fulltext / ED337744. pdf.
Clay, M. M., 1989.“ Concepts About Print in English and Other Languages.” The Reading Teacher 42( 4): 268 – 76.
Collins, M. F., & J. A. Schickedanz. 2024. So Much More than the ABCs: The Early Phases of Reading and Writing. Rev. ed. NAEYC.
Dougherty Stahl, K. A. 2014.“ New Insights About Letter Learning.” The Reading Teacher 68( 4): 261 – 65.
Dunst, C. J., A. Simkus, & D. W. Hamby. 2012.“ Children’ s Story Retelling as a Literacy and Language Enhancement Strategy.” Center for Early Literacy Learning 5( 2): 1 – 14.
Gay, G. 2000; 2010. Culturally Responsive Teaching. Teachers College Press.
Harding, J. F., P. A. Morris, & D. Hughes. 2015.“ The Relationship Between Maternal Education and Children’ s Academic Outcomes: A Theoretical Framework.” Journal of Marriage and Family 77( 1): 60 – 66.
Hoffman, E. B., & C. E. Whittingham. Forthcoming. Emergent Literacy in Early Childhood. Goodheart-Wilcox.
Isbell, R. T. 2002.“ Telling and Retelling Stories: Learning Language and Literacy.” Young Children 57( 2): 26 – 30.
Jaeger, M. M. 2011.“ Does Cultural Capital Really Affect Academic Achievement? New Evidence from a Combined Sibling and Panel Data.” Sociology of Education 84( 4): 281 – 98.
Kisida, B., J. P. Greene, & D. H. Bowen. 2014.“ Creating Cultural Consumers: The Dynamics of Cultural Capital Acquisition.” Sociology of Education 87( 4): 281 – 95.
Lambert, R. G. 2020. Technical Manual for the Teaching Strategies GOLD Assessment: Birth Through Third Grade. Center for Educational Measurement and Evaluation, University of North Carolina.
Lane, P. 2023.“ From Silence to Silencing? Contradictions and Tensions in Language Revitalization.” Applied Linguistics 44( 5): 833 – 47.
Lindsey, J. B. 2022. Reading Above the Fray: Reliable, Research- Based Routines for Developing Decoding Skills. Scholastic.
McKay, R., & W. H. Teale. 2015. No More Teaching a Letter a Week. Heinemann.
Moll, L. C., C. Amanti, D. Neff, & N. Gonzalez. 1992.“ Funds of Knowledge for Teaching: Using a Qualitative Approach to Connect Homes and Classrooms.” Theory into Practice 31( 2): 132 – 41.
NAEYC. 2020.“ Developmentally Appropriate Practice.” Position statement. naeyc. org / resources / position-statements / dap / contents.
NASEM( National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine). 2024. A New Vision for High-Quality Preschool Curriculum. National Academies Press.
Olina, O., H. Ayres, & A. Vidokle. 2022.“ Muted Tongues: A Timeline of Suppressed Languages.” e-flux Journal 131: 1 – 17.
Paris, D. 2012.“ Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy: A Needed Change in Stance, Terminology and Practice.” Educational Researcher 41( 3): 93 – 97.
Paris, D., & S. Alim, eds. 2017. Culturally Sustaining Pedagogies: Teaching and Learning for Justice in a Changing World. Teachers College Press.
Piasta, S. B., & R. K. Wagner. 2010.“ Developing Early Literacy Skills: A Meta-Analysis of Alphabet Learning and Instruction.” Reading Research Quarterly 45( 1): 8 – 38.
Wright, T. S., S. Q. Cabell, N. K. Duke, & M. Souto-Manning. 2022. Literacy Learning for Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers. NAEYC.
Yosso, T. J. 2005.“ Whose Culture Has Capital? A Critical Race Theory Discussion of Community Cultural Wealth.” Race Ethnicity and Education 8( 1): 69 – 91.
Photographs: pp. 16, 18 courtesy of Solomon Alfapada; p. 21 courtesy of the authors Copyright © 2025 by the National Association for the Education of Young Children. See Permissions and Reprints online at NAEYC. org / resources / permissions.
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